GERMANY IN SCIENCE 17 



mann, or of Hseckel;butif the writings of all those who have 

 labored in these fields in other lands were left out of the ac- 

 count or obliterated there would be no science worthy of the 

 name left, either in botany or zoology. Germany has "done 

 its bit", but set against what has been done by scientific in- 

 vestigators in other lands it has only been a bit. 



A word as to medicine and surgery. 



If we except certain coal-tar products, you will discover 

 that the bulk of the curative remedies employed in medicine 

 and given in the Pharmacopoeia, owe their discovery and use 

 to chemical investigators and physicians outside of Teutonia. 

 Let me cite quinine as an illustration. The use of the bark 

 of the Cinchona was learned from the Indians by the early 

 Spanish settlers of South America. Sulphate of quinine as 

 an alkaloid was first separated by a French chemist in the 

 early part of the last century. Its manufacture on a large 

 scale was begun by Powers & Weightman in Philadelphia 

 shortly afterward. Today it is still manufactured to a larger ex- 

 tent in the United States than in any other country on the 

 globe. The manufacture of drugs and medicines in this coun- 

 try is one of its great and important industries, and so far 

 as this field of effort is concerned Germany can claim no 

 superiority over us. 



Take dentistry as a branch of surgical science. The Kaiser 

 himself and all other crowned heads in Europe give the palm to 

 American dentists. ' 'Amerikanischer Zahn-Artzt' ' is a sign you 

 might have seen anywhere in Germany before the war, and the 

 foremost dental school in America is located in Pittsburgh. 



Who discovered antiseptic surgery? Sir Joseph Lister, 

 an Englishman. 



Who discovered and first practised anaesthesia? Doctor 

 Horace Wells of Hartford, Connecticut, a dentist, who used 

 nitrous oxide; Dr. Morton, of Boston, who performed surg- 

 ical operations with success upon etherized subjects; and Sir 

 James Simpson of Edinburgh, Scotland, who, acting upon the 

 suggestion of J. P. Flourens of Paris, who had ascertained 

 the anaesthetic property of chloroform, employed it in 



