THE FLORAL ENVELOPS. 91 



has changed the latter (technically) to an involucre. In the pink a similar inter- 

 node renders the ovary stipitate. In the Caper family the torus is developed into 

 long internodes, sometimes raising the ovary upon a long stipe, sometimes the sta- 

 mens and ovary. 



446. THE DISK is a portion of the receptacle raised into a rim some- 

 where in the midst of the whorls. It is found between the ovary and 

 stamens in pseony and buckthorn. It bears the stamens in maple, 

 mignionette, and crowns the ovary in the Umbelliferae. Finally 



291 292 



291, Paeonia Montan, showing its very large disk (d) sheathing the ovaries (p\ 292, Pistil of 

 the lemon, with its base surrounded by the disk, d. 293, Section of flower of Alchemilla, show- 

 ing its single simple pistil, large disk, etc. 



447. COMBINED DEVIATIONS are quite frequent, and sometimes ob- 

 scure the typical character of the flower to such a degree as to require 

 close observation in tracing it out. The study of such cases is full of 

 both amusement and improvement. 



448. FOB EXAMPLE, the V poppy has suppression in the calyx, multiplication in 

 the stamens and carpels, and in the latter cohesion also. The V sage has cohesion 

 and irregularity in the calyx, every kind of irregularity in the corolla, suppression 

 and irregularity in the stamens, suppression and cohesion in the pistils. The V 

 Cypripedium is perfectly symmetrical, yet has irregular cohesion in the calyx, great 

 inequality in the petals, cohesion, adhesion, and metamorphosis in the stamens, and 

 cohesion in the carpels. 



(In this way let the pupil analyze the deviations in the flower of Geranium, holly- 

 hock, moth mullein, larkspur, sweetbriar, touch-me-not, Petunia, snapdragon, violet, 

 Polygala, squirrel-corn, Orchis, henbit, monk's-hood, Calceolaria, etc.) 



CHAPTER XI. 



THE FLORAL ENVELOPS, OR PERIANTH. 



449. IDEA OF THE TYPICAL FLOWER. In our idea of the typical 

 flower, the perianth consists of two whorls of expanded floral leaves 

 encircling and protecting the more delicate essential organs in their 

 midst. The outer circle, calyx, is ordinarily green and far less conspic- 

 uous than the inner circle of highly colored leaves the corolla. 



