442 ORDER 70. COMPOSITE. 



(3. TBRN!TUM. St. 6-sided ; Ivs. ternately verticillate. Prairies, with the com- 

 mon form ; apparently connecting this with S. trifoliatura, from which it is 

 nevertheless distinct. 



6 S. scaberrimum Ell. St. hispid ; Ivs. opposite, rigid, oval somewhat pointed, 

 serrate, very roughly nispid on both sides, the lower petiolate, upper subsessile, 

 entire ; scales ciliate-serrulate, squarrous ; ach. large, roundish, broadly winged, with 

 convergent teeth. W. Ga. to La. St. 3 4f high. Hds. nearly 1' diam., rays 20 

 or more, spreading 2'. Ach. 6" long. Aug., Sept. 



7 S. laevigatuxn Ell. Smooth and glabrous ; Ivs. opposite, thick, lance-oblong, 

 subserrate, somewhat pointed, the lower petiolate, upper sessile, with an abrupt 

 base, highest cordate, entire ; scales ovate, obtuse, ciliate-squarrous ; ach. oval, 

 narrowly winged, the teeth short, divergent. W. Ga. and Ala. St. 2 to 3f high, 

 somewhat 4-angled. Hds. small, corymbed, rays spreading IV. Achenia 4" 

 long. Aug., Sept. 



8 S. Asterfscus L. Hispid, often hairy ; st. terete, striato ; Ivs. mostly alter- 

 nate, lanceolate, crenate-serrate, obtusish, the lower tapering to a petiole, oppo- 

 site or alternate, upper sessile ; scales squarrous, leafy ; ach. roundish-obovate, 

 with short divergent teeth. Dry soils, Va. to Fla, and La., common. St. 2 to 4f 

 high, generally purple. Lower Ivs. (rarely whorled) 4 to 7' long. Hds. few, 1' 

 broad, with 12 to 15 rays, 1' in length. Ach. 3 to 4'' long. Jn. Aug. Varia- 

 ble, being- sometimes nearly smooth, the lower Ivs. sometimes sinuate-toothed, etc. 



/?. PUMILDM. Downy or tomentous, low; Ivs. elliptical, obtuse, subserrate, 

 upper entire ; hds. smaller ; ach. with very short teeth or almost truncate. 

 Ga. (Feay), (S. pumilum Ph.). The teeth of the ach. are not invariable in 

 this genus. 



9 S. perfoliatum L. CUP-PLANT. St. square ; Ivs. large, thin, opposite, connatc- 

 perfoliate, ovate, coarsely toothed, narrowed towards the base ; hds. iu a trichot- 

 oruous cyme, on a long ped. ; scales ovate, obtuse, squarrous ; ach. broadly 

 obovate, winged, emarginate. Along streams, etc., Mich, to Tenn., plant coarse 

 and forbidding, 4 to 7f high. Lvs. 8 to 14' by 4 to 7', the upper pairs forming a 

 cup with their connate bases. Hds, large, with 12 to 20 rays. Ach. G'' long. 

 JX, Aug. (Also, S. connatum L.) 



42. BERLANDPERA, DC. (Named for Berlandier, a botanical col- 

 lector.) Heads radiate ; ray -flowers $ , fertile, in one series ; disk % 

 but sterile ; scales in 3 series, leafy, snbequal ; receptacle chaffy ; 

 pales obtuse; aclienia all marginal, in one row, obcompressed, wing- 

 less, obovate, more or less adherent to the inner scales of the involucre ; 

 pappus minute. If Herbs velvety-canescent, with alternate, cordate, 

 petiolate Ivs. and hds. with yellow rays. 



1 B. tomentosa Torr. & Gr. Caulescent, whitened with a close, soft tomentum ; 

 st. simple; Ivs. oblong, obtuse, crenate, petiolate, somewhat smooth and green 

 above ; hds. in small, dense corymbs. Barrens, Ga., Fla. and La. St. 1 to 2f 

 high. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 1', the upper and lower surfaces strongly contrasted iu 

 color. Rays 7 to 10, spreading 2'. Apr. Aug. (Silphium Ph.) 



2 B. stibacaulis Nutt. Acaulescent, at length somewhat caulescent, roughish 

 canesceut; Ivs. radical, lyrate or sinuate-pinnatifid, the lobes crenate-toothed ; 

 scapes elongated, bearing a single head. Ga. and Fla. May, Jn. 



43. PARTHE V NIUM, L. (Gr. ^agdevog, a virgin ; from its medici- 

 nal efficacy.) Heads many -flowered ; ray -flowers 5, somewhat ligulate, 

 fertile ; disk flowers tubular, sterile ; involucre hemispherical, scales in 

 2 series, outer ovate, inner orbicular; receptacle conical, chaffy; ache- 

 nia 5, compressed, cohering with 2 contiguous pales. American herbs 

 with alternate Ivs. 



1 P. integrifolium L. St. pubescent, striate, erect; Ivs. hispid-scabrous, lance- 

 ovate, coarsely dentate-crenate, coriaceous, lower petiolate, upper sessile, hds. 

 many, tomentous, corymbed. If Dry soils, Mid. and "W. States. St. rigid, 3 to 



