ORDER 119. CUPULlFEKvE. 645 



oles about 2' long. Cup 6" across, 1J" deep. Nut fuscous, with a brown, as- 

 tringent seed. Timber reddish, coarse-grained. Apr., May. 



i3. TRINACRIS. Lvs. 3 and 5-lobed. the terminal lobe long and narrow -lanceo- 

 late, narrowed to its base; petioles 3' long. Large trees at Tallahassee. 



14 Q. tinctoria Bartram. BLACK OAK. YELLOW-BARK OAK. Lvs. obovate- 

 oblong. sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid, pubescent beneath, finally glabrous, lobes oblong, 

 obtuse, mucronate ; cup thick, shallow ; acorn depressed globous. Found through- 

 out the U. S. It is one of the loftiest trees of tlie forest, 80 to 90f in height, and 

 4 to of diam. Bark deeply furrowed, black or deep brown, yellow within. Lvs. 

 6 to 8' long, broadest toward the end, quite variable, yellowish after frost. Acorns 

 brown, 1" diam., about half covered with the subsessile, scaly cup, which is 9 ' 

 diam. Bark used in tanning, also yields quercitron, a useful dye. 



15 Q. coccinea "Wang. SCARLET OAK. Lvs. on long petioles, oblong in outline, 

 deeply sinuate-pinnattfid, smooth and shining both sides, nearly truncate at base, 

 lobes divaricate, dentate, acute; cup turbinate, scaly; acorn short, ovate. Most 

 abundant in the Middle and Southern States, but is often met with in the more 



* southern parts of X. Eng. to 111. It is a large tree, 80f in height, with a diameter 

 of 3 or 4. Leaves of a bright, shining green, with 3 or 4 deep sinuses each side, 

 remarkably rounded and broad at the base. By the frosts of autumn they are 

 changed to scarlet, unlike those of the red oak, which become dull red or brown. 

 Acorns large, similarly rounded at both ends, half immersed in the cup. Bark 

 very thick, used in tanning. 



16 Q. heterophylla MX. BARTRAM'S OAK. Lvs. on long petioles, coriaceous, 

 oblong or oblong-ovate, round or subcordate at base, margin with a few shallow, 

 tooth-like lobes, or often only wavy, lobes setaceous-acuminate; acorn subglobous, 

 in a hemispherical cup; scales of the cup oblong-ovate, obtuse. Ohio to 111., rare. 

 Lvs. exceedingly variable, 4 to 6' by H to 2', smooth and shining above, tomen- 

 tous along the veins beneath, generally broad and abrupt-at base. Fruit 9" diam. 

 (Q. Leana Xutt ? Clark.) Our specimens well agree to Michaux's figure and 

 character. 



17 Q. alba L. "\\~HITE OAK. (Fig. 139.) Lvs. short-petioled. cuneate at base, 

 oblong in outline, at length coriaceous and smooth, sinuate-pinnaiifid, lobes subequal, 

 obtuse ; acorn sessile ; nut ovoid or oblong, only a third immersed in the subhemi- 

 spherical, tubercular cup. U. S. and Can. A tree preeminent among the sons of 

 the forest for grandeur, strength, and usefulness. With a diameter of 4 to 6f, it 

 attains the height of 70 to 80f, but its magnitude varies greatly with the soil. 

 Lvs. 3 to 5' long, downy beneath when young. Acorn 8 to 9" long. Bark whit- 

 ish. Timber useful for innumerable purposes, and the bark for tanning and in 

 medicine. May, Jn. 



18 Q. macrocarpa MX. (Fig. 140, 194.) Lvs. deeply and lyrately sinuate-lobed 

 (most deeply in the middle), lobes obtuse and repand. upper dilated ; acorn very 

 large, cup very deep, composed of distinctly imbricated and hard-pointed scales, 

 the upper filiform-pointed, forming a fringe ; nut globular ovoid, more than half 

 inclosed. X. Eng. (rare) to 111. and S. States, Tree GO to 7 Of high, with rich, 

 green foliage. Lvs. downy beneath, at length nearly smooth, 6 to 10 to 15' long, 

 stalks not 1'. Acorns 12 to 15" long, sometimes nearly fringeless or nearly cov- 

 ered. May. (Q. lyrata MX.) A beautiful tree, with valuable timber. (Also Q. 

 olivaefornris MX.) 



19 Q. obtusiloba MX. IRON OAK. Lvs. deeply sinuate, cuneiform at the base, 

 pubescent beneath, lobes very obtuse, the 3 upper ones dilated, each 2-lobed; cup 

 hemispherical; acorn oval. The iron oak, called also post oak, box white oak, tur- 

 key oak, is common in the Mid., \V. and S. States, rare in X. Eng. It is a tree of 

 moderate size, with widely spreading and very crooked branches. The bark is 

 grayish-white. Lvs. thick, strongly tomentous beneath, in 4 or 5 lobes, which 

 are sometimes arranged so as to appear cuneiform or stellate. Acorns very sweet. 

 Timber is fine grained, strong, and durable. May. (Q. stellata Willd.) 



20 Q. Primis Willd. SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK. Lvs. on long petioles, obovate, 

 acute, pubescent beneath, with large, somewhat equal, obtuse or rounded teeth; 

 acorn short-p^dunckd, large ; cup tubercular, about half inclosing the ovoid nut 

 This oak is seldom met with in X. Eng., but abounds in the rest of the country. 



