'-'I. i;,:,-, nses, nfpSrSTus a. ,,1 '"''D" > lociiltv a lul a ui tu de. The doctor re- 

 to MOertain adulteration of olive oil. Olecj ar( ] g success as assured and with very 



meters, Khieciomctcrs, etc. 



sxcellent reasons for his belief. Mr. L. 

 ^ Could, whoee place is about two 

 SIXTH UKOUP KEKIDDES OF OIL AND TiiKii n j leg north Q{ Auburn, has demonstrated 

 APPLICATION. lie fact practically this winter by maun- 



25. Tnrbids, aceitonesandle, , floras Curing, oil from ^gro^n ^n^ 

 deposited. aoisaeurs to be strictly first-class in all 



26. Alpechi:!, bitter and acid elcniciitsrestjeets. The doctor's trees are yet too 



27. Pomace or husks of olives. 



.... we said already, only a year ago. But 



38. Products extracted or fabncatci they are lookiDg extremely thrifty. They 

 from residues. were chiefly from root-cuttings pud were 



f'tr Hi" most cart three years old. Only 

 BICTINTH OBOUP-MOTOBS. ^""x per cent, have bsen lost by 



29. Steam engines. transplanting, the "usual average of loss 



30. Gas engines, compressed air ma beiug something like ten per 

 cbiuery. 



31. Apparatus for moving by horse 

 power (malacutes). 



.OLIVE CULTURE. . 



'/ Z- 

 live Gro 



EIGHTH GEOUP OILS FBOM GKAIN AND 

 SEEDS. 



Oleaginous grains and seeds. 



Oils therefrom both crude and re- 



32. 

 33. 



tilled. 



33. Pomace and other residue from 

 oleaginous grains and seeds. 



3-i. Apparatus for fabricating oil from 

 them. 



NINTH GUOUP LITEUATUKK. 



36. Books written and printed, treating 



. 



'he Question of Profit in 



Sacramento Bee. 



The Italians have a proverb that an 

 olive grove is a "gold mine on the surface 

 of the earth." > Throughout Italy and 

 many portions of Europe olive oil is to the 

 people what butter is to Americans. Pure 

 olive oil, which not one American in ten 1 



only ,6 gallons per acre. In Sj.ain tile 

 best net annual income from the finest 

 olive proves is placed at S5S per acre. 



In conclusion, this quotation from the 

 report of Felix A. Matthews, United 

 States Consul at Tangier, Morroco, in 

 Africa where the olive is extensively 

 grown, may be presented as expressing 

 not too sanguine a view of the possibili- 

 ties of olive culture in California. He 

 says. "The great value and importance of 

 the olive tree is that it will thrive and 

 prosper in soils where nothing else of 

 value would grow. Those dry soils of 

 arid aspect in many parts of California are 

 the genuine lauds for raising the most 

 I productive forests of olives, worth in due 

 time and at no distant period, millions of 

 j money. In Africa, in Greece, and in ] 

 ; some parts of Spain, lands once abandoned 

 ( J for their sterility are now the source bfi 

 inB wealth and revenue to communities and to 



a^XUm.rnThfln " 



TJ TlfE OLIVE. 



Varieties , Culture, Miinut'n 

 .and Discuses. 



1 7 , Y" f n v~ ( ft 

 Wo. Ltd-nat DL//I/ , /i 



An^lo-American Times. ' ///* 9 



thousand has tasted, is a most delicious Olives attain to their highest culture irj 



and healthful food, superior to butter for Spain and Italy in sheltered and suitable 

 most purposes of cookery. The prejudice spots along the Mediterranean. The tree" 

 against olive oil is destined to die away, is semi-tropical, and can only reach per- 

 and in time the consumption of it in this lection in favored spots in Europe, though 



country must enormously increase. There 



J./BfB. 

 Afn following 



of cultivation, synonyms, manufacture of 

 olive oil, clarification, commerce and sta- 

 tistics of oil. 



37. Memoirs and mouographies. 



38. Designs of plants and oleaginous 

 fruit. 



39. Plans and projects of installations, 

 storage, etc 



(O 



DR. 



The Placer ArgS.. 



vbout the large fruit farm in that county 

 ,wnedbyDr. Agard, of Oakland: We 

 .aid a brief visit to Dr. Agard's olive 

 aiich the other day, and we found much 

 to interest us, and alao the general pub- 

 tjc, in the work that is there being 

 poshed forward. He has several men 

 smployed plowing, planting, building 

 flpcee, etc. His place, bought about 

 aighteen months ago, comprises some 

 forty-six aero?, part of which, iccUidiuj 

 a very eligible building spot, shaded and 



protected by pines, is on a very sightly 



knoll oveilcck'Qg on one side the rail- 

 Wad, the town, nd the Sacramento 



Valley while on the other it commands than any imported oil. It is quoted in 

 u'tiful view of the eternal snow- "San Francisco prices current at $13 50 per 

 ned Sierras in the distance. During 3ozen flirts. A simple calculation ~ : > 



show that the present yield of his tre< 



the past year the Doctor has the q uoted rate) would be over 56i0yo or 



about 1,000 olive treee, some 300 peach a e ar i y $ 1>0 ()0 per acre, although many of 



need scarcely be any fear that the Ameri- 

 can market will ever get overstocked. ID 

 Italy alone two and a quarter million 

 acres are devoted to the olive, and the 

 anunal yield of oil is about ninety millior 

 gallons. One Italian Consul writes tha' 

 no unadulterated olive oil is exported fron 

 Italy, and statistics show that not enougl 

 genuine olive oil, fit for table use, is pro 

 duced to supply the wants of the world 

 Much that is sold as olive oil is the oil 

 from the cotton seed or sesame seed. 

 Hog's lard is shipped to Italy from Amer- 

 ica and comes back in bottles labeled 

 "Olive Oil." These facts have an impor- 

 tant bearing upon the question of future 

 profits from olive groves in California. 



The profit in olive culture for oil de- 

 pends greatly upon the quality of the pro- 

 duct. In California the best known and 



a bardy plant. It does not thrive with 

 extremes of temperature; a climate too 

 hot and dry or too cold and moist is not 

 favorable to its growth. It thrives 

 on the sea coast or on the hillsides; in a 

 favorable climate and soi' the tree grows 

 quickly, and is developed, strong and 

 leafy. In Tuscany the diameter of the 

 tree measures from 10 to 16 inches, and it 

 ranges in height from 16 to 22J4, while 

 there are trees which grow much higher, 

 indeed up to 38 feet. The tree remains 

 fruitful from two to three hundred years, 

 and if after this term of life they do not 

 bear, young shoots are produced which 

 become fruitful, so that actually they 

 may be said never to die. 



As a rule, soil adapted to the vine is 

 suited to the olive. The characteristics 

 of such a soil are looseness and fair per- 

 meability. The soil and active subsoil 



most successful olive grower is Elwood should have a depth of at least one metre 



Cooper, of Santa Barbara. He began 



;welve years ago by planting a thousand 



trees. Now he has ^ 6,009 trees, covering 



sixty acres, and they are nearly all in 



bearing. He turns out 50,000 bottles of 



oil annually, which brings a higher price 



trees, and from 500 to GOO French 

 and Hungarian prunes mostly the 

 former. He has also plant.d a num-, 

 ber of nut trees, pecans, 1 erts, 

 and several varieties of the prce.par- 

 turiens Euglish walnuts. He intends as 

 soon as possible to put in an assortment 



his trees liave just come into bearing. Mr. 

 Cooper fears no competition, and warmly 

 advocates olive culture in California. \V. 

 A. Hayne of Santa Barbara county, has 

 this year planted 50,000 cuttings, whieh 

 would be enough for 500 acres. 

 It has been fouad that in California the 



of plums Coe's Golden,Drop, Columbia, olive tree yields a much larger quantity of 



Washicgton, and a new, rare and ex- berries, ' and that here they furnish a 



cel'.ent variety known as Kelsey's much better quality of oil, than in Europe. 



Japanese p'um. He is alao planting a Some of Mr. Cooper's trees produced as 



cherry orchard, about 150 trees of which much as tup gallons of berries at the age 



are already set out. Around his house, of four ^ars. A few trees came into 



which though snug and commodious bearing the third year. When eight 



enough for any bachelor, is destined years old a number yielded forty gallons of 



soon to give way to a larger and more berries each. The olive tree matures slow- 



elegant structure on the knoll above ]y, and may be expected to steadily in- 



menticned, he has a nice orchard of crease its product until at least twenty 



>ears apple?, etc. The ranch is irri- years of age. It bears for centuries. Its 



">tcd'by means of a huge cistern which habits is to give a large crop every second 



holds 12,000 or 13,000 gallons of watel year. 



placed high eucugh up to common.? According to the consular reports, a 

 everv rod of the ground. The water d gallon of berries weighs about eight 

 obtained from a pool, distant a few hui^ pounds, and yields from a pint to a quart 

 dred yards. From there it is pumpe< of oil. The reports vary greatly in their 

 up into the tank by the aid of a steal) estimates of the profit of olirt culture 

 eutrine and pump which occupy covere! abroad. It is Very meager compared to 

 quarters between the pool and the tank the returns in California. In Tuscany the 

 But one thing of paramount interes value of the average innual yield of 

 to fruit growers and the general publi mature trees is given at ,02 per acre. In 

 is the experiment of olive culture in th Sardinia tlie.vield of berries is reckoned at 



A soil which contains much carbonate of 

 lime is good, especially in the south, 

 though too cold in northern countries, as 

 their white coloring prevents absorption 

 of heat. Magnesia and sulphate of lime 

 are efficient substitutes for carbonates of 

 lime, and some sulphate may be applied 

 with advantage in the manure. Oil pro- 

 duced in soils poor in these ingredients 

 has usually a greenish tiugo and is not as 

 limpid as oils from soils containing them. 

 A tendency to exuberant flowering and 

 aborting of the fruit shows a deficiency 

 of phosphate in the soil which must be 

 remedied fot good yields. In Spain it is 

 held that a good soil to be well adapted 

 to the olive tree should retain its loose- 

 ness after a rain of 48 hours duration, and 

 that during the hot season it should con- 

 tain ten per cent of its weight in water. 

 The yield of oil from a given weight of 

 fresh fruit varies from sixteen to twentv- 

 tive per cent. The latter figure is not of- 

 ten reached even with the best oil-yield- 

 ing varieties and the most approved pro- 

 cesses. Consul Oppenheim has obtained 

 data showing a higher percentage, but the 

 figures express the proportion of oil to a 

 given weight of olives which, as is usual 

 in Andalusia, had been lying up on the ! 

 mill floors for several woeksr. Olive oil 1 

 Is a staple of which any quantity can be 

 disposed of in Europe roadjly for cash. 

 The pickled fruit is looked upon more in| 

 the light of a fancy article, the sale of. 

 which, though brisk for the moment, mav 



