l the circuTaHoiTor sap may 



r 



^o^-U-eoiivefly TUi si n 



sect lays the eggs on the olive swell, ai :fwaro i r cu reproducod lu .u^nca. : 

 wheu the deposit is discovered the eggs , for .. ^ , ranifer to another 

 L g.thLdTm^ediately. Shouia the ^, ^ i ; , ^5^^ 

 eggs be allowed to remain the fruit I* ^j^ f 10 8HVS b is !lL ,- e given rather 

 much deteriorated if not ruined. The csr^s than R tran , latlon . Ho says that although 

 'H nml tl-r 'foreeasily discovered. l the ; ivc was introduced into California by 

 are led, and tl 3 ..... This tte Spaniards more than a century ago It H 



/Jmco <te oJ'-tho oln e ITJ ub. jtte .pani^ ^ . 



insect is the mo 10 



olive treo here 





ihefounda- 

 urch in 





..... This tte Spaniards more than a century 



'-tho oln e ITJ ub. jtte .pani^ ^ ^ ^ .^^ 



ost dangerous enemy U 10 vcrc brongllt b> . ,, se do W 



, consuming, tl.o sP ami ',1779, somi after winch its cu 



first 

 aives in 



When discovered the tree pans 

 ouhl runed, the folia 



to the I 



ltmrisl)C(1| , h at is, in propo 

 ovud, and ; ted ,, ( ,,, nl , lliou of California, .until 1 



l .,. i.m-i. 



l nwavfrom tho plantation 



' 







, of a series ol letters from our 

 ^respondent, Albert Sutlille, on fruit 

 southern Kurope. The fruit 

 "bJcu form* tbe subject of tho flrst letters 

 is tho olive, v I'.ich Mr. SuUifie lias 

 patiently studying for the past three 

 four months in Spain, France, Italy and 

 Algeria. As the olive is destined to be one 

 of th most important products of Cali- 

 fornia, land owners will consult their 

 interest b<- reading with care Mr. Butltffes 

 'remarks ; on the rules which govern its 

 cultivation in countries where it has flour- 

 ;,,r centuries, on the toils which are 

 adapted for its growth, and on the metnods i 

 which experience lias taught are best cal- 1 

 Ciliated to insure a copious harvest ol / 

 choice fruit ' I 



In a large section of the littoral of the \ 

 Mediterranean the olive takes the place ol 

 meat. The peasant supports himself and 

 Ills family on bread and olives. Give arv 

 Italian or Spaniard a handful of olives 

 and a lump of dark bread, or a cup of olive 

 Oil in which to steep His bread, and he will 

 work all day under a fierce sun, performing 

 labor which a northern man could not do 

 without a hearty meal of meat. It may in- 

 deed be questioned whether the man from 

 the sunny south has not the more whole- 

 some diet of the two. Of course so general 

 a consumption of the olive involves its cul- 

 tivation over a wide area. Italy now pro- 

 duces something like forty million gallons 

 : olive oil in a good year; it is one of its 

 staple and most valuable products. It has 

 stood all through time as the special typo of 

 peace and prosperity. We say that a peace- 

 maker bears an olive branch, and Osar, 

 ivat-n ho s.uv victory at hand, could not 

 better expres* his joyous hopo than in the 



woi F3s.* 



The three-nooked 

 Shall hour thi.- olive t'ra 

 We have never done justice to the olive 

 ta this State. The first plantations were in 

 Unsuitable soil-ground too moist and rich, 

 or a tree which thrives in dry barren 

 places, lint wo are learning. Something 

 was taught to olive growers at the recent 

 JneetiriB at Berkeley, and we believe since 

 Ihen a good many young olives have been 

 planted in spots where they are likely to 

 thrive, and better care has been taken to 

 aelcct varieties suited to this climate. Grow- 

 1 ers should now preserve Mr. Suilifle'i letters 

 on the subject. They contain information 

 which cannot be found in books, and which 

 cannot fail to be of service. 



THE OLIVE. 



Its History from Biblical 



mi ~ n 



! neapacity or want ol industry of the suc- 

 (esBors of the Franciscans, and almost eu- 

 ireiy disappeared during the excitement 

 hat' <olio\vcd the discovery- of gold in 

 in 1800 the olive began to recover 

 t importance, through the efforts of some 

 lauded proprietors in Santa Barbara 

 county, among whom was li. '.oux, a 

 Frenchman, They used the slips taken 

 from sr.me hundred-year-old stumps, wl 

 they ion id about the missions and whirl- 

 had remained alive. Between 1800 and 

 l.s-.i more than 1O.UOO olive trees were 

 planted in Santa Barbara county, all com- 

 ing irora the same source-. The variety 

 almost universally used Is the JV 

 called according to the most recent classifi- 

 cation, or that which late writers find most 

 convenient, o/eooWoiifla. The fruit of this 

 pccics -asses from green to red and from 

 red to black, and is characterized by it 

 Utter taste. Must ot the proprietors pickle 

 it and sell it in the State or in the surround- : 

 ing counties at 50 cents a gallon. Som. 

 efforts are being already made with the 

 Spanish olive. A San I.eandro horticultu 

 1st has just imported (the report was written 

 in 1883-S1) a large number of slips by 

 rapid transit. One planter in California has 

 attempted the making of olive oil. This is 

 Eilwood Cooper, whose success will not fall 

 to provoke many imitators. He made in 

 18.000 bottles of oil, which he sold 

 for SI per bottle, bringing him in 100,000 

 francs for 3000 trees in full bearing. M. 

 Goux estimates the mean product of an 

 acre of ground planted in olives fifteen 

 years old at 1000 gallons of olives, which 

 will give 100 gallons of oil. There are six 

 bottles to the gallon, of the size and shape 

 commonly used for olive oil, which makes 

 an acre worth $000, a most profitable In- 

 dustry. 



M. DeMean says, in closing his report, 

 that though the product of oil in California 

 is now small, the orchards are constantly 

 extending, and that tho prospect is that ere 

 long it will be more than sufficient to sup- 

 ply the local demand and will be exported. 

 This is meant as a word of advice and 

 warning to the cultivators in the south of 

 France. 



THE PAST Ol' THE OLIVE. 



No tree in \!>e history of the world has 

 been so highly esteemed and honored as 

 the olive. It is one of the first and one of 

 the oftencst mentioned in the Bible as an 

 emblem of peace and fruiti'ulness. Where 

 there was no peace, and war was the nor- 

 mal condition of the ancient world, there 

 could be no olive, and when the olive was 

 wanting the source of prosperity, of nour- 

 ishment even, was dried up. The dove 

 sent forth by Noah to learn if the flood was 

 abating brought back an olive branch, a 

 subject often illustrated in old paintings 

 nd old frescoes In Roman churches. The 

 Promised Land abounded In the olwe. 

 There is a very charming legend in '.lie 

 "Book of Judges," which illustrates the 

 high degree of esteem, of veneration even, | 

 e tree was held among the 



inopio.\ vu<?i * > n,it 



Ity came to him with the announcement 



that he had succeeded to the throne. . Sur- 

 prised and Incredulous, because he bad not 

 dreamed of the crown, he replied that he 

 Should ba king when the goad which he 

 held in his hand should bear leaves. At 

 the same time he thrust the goad ,n o the 

 .oil where by the direct interposition of 

 Heaven says the legend.it instantly took 

 and covered itself with branches and 

 leaves and fruit. A church was erected on 

 the spot early in the fourteenth century, 

 and uproot of tho truth of the tradition 

 n olive said to be tne veritable olive 

 sprung from the goad of Wamba, isst, U 

 shown near the spot, inclosed by a balus- 

 trade of iron, i'-s branches still green and 

 Vigorous, anfl still honored and venerated 

 as it has been by every generation sm , the 

 date of the veracious -legend. The olive 

 appears often on tho escutcheons of the 

 Middle Ages, especially on those of families 

 bearing the name "Oliver," taken from the 

 tree, nu ancient and honorable name still 

 common in England and America. 



IN PKOFANE HISTORY. 



The olive was equally known and no less 

 honored among pagan nations from 

 eouallv remote antiquity. According to the 

 fable when Cecrops founded Athens Nep- 

 tune 'and Minerva contended for the honor 

 of being its protector. It is the first 

 recorded case .of woman suffrage. < 

 crops asssmbled the men and women of 

 Athens and demanded their votes. The 

 men declared unanimously for Neptune 

 and the women very naturally voted for 

 JItneiva, end as there was one more female 

 than male, the goddess won tho prize. Nep- 

 tune appealed to the twelve Olympian gods, 

 bu> the verdict of the majority was sus- 

 tained So Athens became theoretically 

 the city of peace, and temples, statues and 

 altars were erected in commemoration of 

 the incident, on which the olive was either 

 BCUlotured or had its virtues engraved. 

 This' respect for the olive extended through- 

 out Greece, for it was everywhere cultivated 

 and appreciated and appeared on coins and 

 monuments. It was associated with re- 

 ligious rites and had Its uses in magical op- 

 erations and funeral ceremonies. From 

 Greece it was transferred to Italy, with the 

 .worship of Minerva, and became every- 

 where an object of veneration, the safety of 

 envoys and the language ol peace. When a 

 conquered people presented it to the con- 

 queror it was considered to be equivalen 

 to a formula thus freely translated: 

 us permission to again plant and tend t 

 olive " Hence camo chiefly its poetical as- 

 sociations and Its imaginative use l>y tho 

 poets from Homer dowu through the long 

 line of Grecian and Roman bards and prose 

 writers and the poetasters of tho Middle 

 Aces to our own times. Many of the Roman 

 writers, among them Cato, Varro, Virgil, 

 Btrabo, Pliny the Elder and Atheueus de- 

 voted passages of tlieir works to the culture 

 of the olive which still contain practical 

 Busrgesiu.ua ol value. Horace, who had an 

 extraordinary weakness for olives, laments 

 the destruction throughout the country In 

 Italy of beautiful and useful olive orchards 

 to give place to luxurious villas and arti- 

 ficial lakes. The following is from Virgil's 

 "Oeorgica": 



The olives, on the .ortrary. require no care; 



Bii" ti-f ground euvend about tin m with th 

 niattock Kivea them all tl.. <>i re 



' graces mat tl.e Plow pass near them 

 to ic '. " fr il - ' '" no n ;? re i ! an , 



this to nourish the fruitful olive -t. 

 dear to pence. 



THE DARV 







EXPERIMENTS IS CALIFORNIA 







Win-re, It Uvows in 



Europe- A Louse-Lived 

 Tree. 



tC'om.-,' 



of the ' 



The trees went f( rth on a time 1o anoint a 

 kint; o\ 'T them. A_nil they said unto the oiive 

 tret 1 , lie thnu our kirg. 



But the olive tree nald unto them. Should I 

 leave my latncta wherewith i\v me they honor 

 b Uii : M HS.""" man BUd B * bC 1)romoled over tS ' c 

 \ When the children of Israel came back 

 Into Palestine from Egypt they found the 

 SoiltlU'1'11 olive, n hich had been cultivated there !rom 

 an unknown antiquity. They continued 

 Bnd extended its culture, which was in 

 time one of the chief sources of wealth and 

 was duly protected by the laws. Tho olives 

 In the valleys and en the rocky slopes about 

 Jerusalem were rendered famous by their 

 association with the history ol Christ, and 



,"ica- association with the history ol Christ, and 

 (Italy). September l,lbH.>. , he fact i na t they are still alive Is often ad- 

 ^ 1 duced by enthusiastic writers to prove the 



ive in Soutnciii l-,ui-< pen - it , f nol tne absolute immortality 



possibility Of Us cenernl Introduction into 

 Pali orr.in It may be wll to say a tew 

 Lords al out what has already been done 

 *Uhuan.lthcsitcefi already atiaine/1 in 



the le 

 on 



! 

 i nforn.ation 



ui "their" favorite tree. The Christians ofj 

 the Middle Ages, taking their coo from 

 sacred history and legend, continued to 

 hold the olive in high esteem, nut the less 

 that with their belief was always mi; 

 nf paean traditr 



The olive almost disappears from history 

 nd literature not to become promincol 

 again 1111 tne fourteenth century. It is true 

 that it was cultivated during all this time, 

 so far as tbe disturbed state of all the coun- 

 tries about the Mediterranean wpuld per- 

 mit ol peaceful industry, but without sys- 

 tem or general concurrence on the part of 

 cultivators. The flrst Crusaders found olive 

 trees and oil in abundance in Palestine, but 

 there came with the discovery no idea of 

 peace nor thought of makinz any practical 

 use of It beyond its Immediate consumption 

 as a necessary article of food. After the 

 Mohammedan conquest the Arabs carried i 

 on the culture in Spain, where they had 

 been able to establish themselves. In the 

 fifteenth century -that is, sometime after 

 tne renaissance a degree of peace and en- 

 liglitrnent having i>een restored to the 

 world, agricultural ,ain to 



note tho uscf"! ui:'i prai itles of 



:ve, and in Italy, throughout nearly 

 iole extent of which the culture was 

 :e. treatise* : .ring rare in- 



