haviifg the earth banked and level, 

 when too steep each terrace has its wall ol 

 Btone. The stones are always at hand in 

 sufficient quantity, lor the soil is full of 

 them. As these walls represent the labor 

 of several generations, the expense of time 

 and money is not great. This system of ter- 

 racing the hillsides prevails all the way 

 from Nice to Genoa, the Italian hillsides 

 being steeper, the soil poorer and the trees i 

 generally smaller, though still considerably 

 larger than those in the vicinity of Mar- 

 seilles. Some of the stone walls are very. 

 pretty specimens of masonry and quitei 

 tolld enough to hold their own against tho 

 wash of the hillides for a century. I speak 

 only of the slopes along the Riviera, imme- 

 diately facing the sea. Further inland 

 there is less exposure to the wind, and the 

 conditions are in some other respects more 

 favorable. Between Pisa and Lucca there 

 are some mountain sides that seem even to 

 exceed in roughness and barrenness tho 

 rocky slopes about Orasse. Here it is hardly 

 possible to see the grass on the hillsides 

 on account of the frequent cropping out 

 ol the rock, and quite impossible to 

 make long, uniform terraces. Here, every 

 hollow that has originally contained a 

 sufficient amount of soil to nourish the 

 roots of ,;lhe tree or is capable of containinr 

 Enough brought from another spot, If, occu- 

 pied by a tree, which is healthy, though not 

 so large a those growing in more genial 

 localities. It is impossible to irrigate under 

 such circumstances, and yet the general ap- 



favorable to tho growing industry in Cali- 

 fornia. On the contrary, the increased pro- 

 duct of Italy shows a constantly increasing 

 demand. The product, as shown by the 

 Government reportp, was 38,090,000 gnl- 

 lousof oil in 1884, being an increase of 

 ^.sno.oOO gallons, or considerably more 

 than one-fourth over that of 1SS3. The 

 increasing demand for the best oils la 

 provod by tho fact that about Lucca, whose 

 oils have a reputation second to none for 

 flavor and purity, the area of culture is be- 

 ing constantly extended. Fovv of the or- 

 chards have the (indent look observed in 

 the south of France. They have a fresh 

 color and there is about them a certain 

 cleanness of culture. Many of them are 

 quite young. New ground is being Con- 

 stantly cleared, and they are every year 

 "'n higher and higher up the hillsides, 

 lowing the precedent of Europe, the 

 ieascs incident to olive culture ought not 



attack the trees of California tor at least 



1 hundred years, while the energy of oirr 

 'oil and the stimulating character oi the 



limate should render the trees sooner pro- 

 iuctive and quickly repair the damage 

 esuUing irjm natural causes. 



THE 



for Its 







nursery may be placed what p.r- 



called tho "eyei of the root" of mature 



trees, find niso the shoot* v.'lmil spring up 



.-.bout the trunk, those which grow farthest; 



from it being preferred, and which have : 



idhoiin? to their base a pie^e of tho root 



hieh the Trench call "hair." 



jtill other additions to the stock may be 



:e branches taken off in 



!-e ordinary process of lopping. The an-' 



.-ients employed the method of detaching 



he protuberances from the roots, and were: 



o harsh in their methods of treatment and; 



o sure of tho vitality of thi olive that tlitjy 



ised to -irive them into the ground with a 



imllcE. More gentle treatment is now 



.warded the olive by intelligent cultivators. 



.lie "eyes" are formed by the accumuls-' 



ion of several germs and are about the size 



if a goose egg. Every good-sized olive tree 



:iui furnish a larse number, but in order 



ot to injure it not more than three or four 



re usually taken. Each can be divided 



ito several buds, each capable of produc- 



ig a tree. If a large number are needed 



is better to take a healthy olive, tr&'"' 



in often be done where they gro/ too 



lickly, ami use all the prolific I/rts it 



able to furnish. These uomli, f 8ome 



ali.in writers call them, must b/ cut off 



catly with a sharp instrument eiid pared 



efore planting. 



SPANISH METHOD OF 



There are other eye-like p^uberances on 

 he olive. They appear alfre intersection 

 >f each leaf and also on tho roots. Great 



. sticks placed 



in the ground either side and tied at the 

 top will serve to Indicate their locality. 

 Branches having slips are cut in segment: 

 B t a short distance on either side of the 

 'cuds The secments are then planted 



01? THE S 



ot 



thoitgh not rich, admits of comparative.,- fc jn the Knmr y~Sct- j^ ^Sr.^Te^wUU^Sfe! 



o^vation.and the slopes are more freatl ^ ^^ _^ ^etu>e ^ _ 



RKJ^BLE V.TAI..TY O,- THE TKEE. for Prmiillff. *"* "^ *' * 



Tho vitality of the olive is shown by the] 



rspidity with which it recovers and re-es- 



trjjlishts itself after reverses that would bsfcorresporidence of Hie Cintox ; 



trfjaKar annihilation of trees of less re-. FIOKKNCK (Italy), September 1'2, 1885 [K/m _. 



aouWai.' There have been within a een- T - nc most simple metliod .1 mul'.n.ly.nc? tr( . uo!l( , 5 . vh o slip, of course, uppermost, 

 tury several hard winters that have killed |5, e olive is that usually employed by (g aomel j me s dona in reproducing; 

 nearly all the olive trees in the south of oat ure, ths sowing or planting of the seed. , yeephll; W iii w or ether trees of simiia 

 1'rnnce. That of 1819-20, which some old i t j S favored by many writers because the nabiuj in America. The flllp quickly b 

 citizous of Nice still remember, was one of trce w hich results from -It is longer lived comcs R young tree, tho roots extending on 

 the most remarkable. Nearly every tree in nnd better able to resist extremes of tern- the olncr cide of tho planted segment, 

 tho .olive-producing department was killed p era ture and the attacks of insects, and can palue o{ this mo de of propagation i 

 to the ground. Many farmers were hope- livc j n unfavorable soils. The objections aoubted by some author, who declare t 

 !M, and abandoned the culture. Others nre that the growth is slow, and as I ^vas Jt , enrts to decadence and_ sterll , 1 '^" n ^" 



their ancie 

 suckers grew 



t ha orchards were so productive that the baln e difficulty, still It is a method wliich the B ., e ofone ' 9 arm , split the lower part in 

 Jiry vessels would not hold the oil. w ,u always have its advocates, some of the j our , pu t a stone in each of the four aper- 



'There was absolutely noplace to put it, ami ;.eing removed by the grafting p', tmeSi nuo ; plant it deep. As a natural : 



on utensils and all other available ' ; i ie seedling at an early age. It is also seid 5lUt ^ t recs rotten in the center becamo ex- 

 vessels' were used for storage, 'hat the tree coming from tne seed is more , ccdjlllllv com mon in Seville, and the 



In this preliminary and discursive treat- regular in form, that is, is more naturally, .jj troat meut had to be diecontiu 

 ment of the topic it has been shown that jcveloped. In countries where the wild rhe K p ttll j :u -ds treated the trees as care- 

 the ulive has great vitality, and is able to ,Hve exists, yonn? trees are sought and ess]y as Ul ,, y WC1 . iu the habit of trcatlr 

 live in almost any soil and to endure a oinced in miseries, where they aro after- he ojl tj;1 comm ercial competition com- 



.limited degree of cold. That it is possible nan's grafted with better species. ' : , e u od ml)re humane and reasonable pruc- 

 to cultivate it successfully in many parts of m i c5 for the care of nurseries of ths olive J8ga ^ Ther naro gl ni the habit of taking 

 California seems most probable, and further j not greatly differ from those, which regu- B ]jj, B or suc i i( . r3 as large as the arm and ten 

 that it will grow in many localities whose !> ul e the management ol seedlings of other cr elcvoll (L -et Ions, which they obttiiu by 

 soil is now deemed barren and useleis. The species, l.i'.t us they may become a separate lra j u i, lg them straight while still on the 

 minute discussion of the economical uses htiines there ftro a^J" 53 somo 70 " ' parent tree. These, when once planted, 

 of the oil, of the value of tho wood, the gleaned from various authorities. The wiu produco f ru it in three or four yeaj-s, 



methods of planting and culture and tho 

 proper mode of fabricating the oil will 

 serve as topics for future articles. 



WITH OTHER OILS. 



But the question will be asked at the very 

 commencement, " Will the demand for 

 olive oil or the edible olive continue and 

 iueroaso iu a ratio that will make its more 

 extended culture prolit-able?" or "Will the 

 oil not bo supplanted by such substi- 

 tutes asi cpttoo-seed oil, or peanut oil, or 

 either of these, or other oils compounded 

 with olive oil?" There is not space here to 

 examine a subject of such breadth, but the 

 answer may be given in a general way that 

 such a result is,. impossible. Cotton-seed oil 

 Is used ijeeauae it is tasteless, a most de- 

 cided objection, aiid peanut oil never loses 

 its characterisiio.tusio and will not keep its 

 'inf.lity more than a month or two. The 

 adulterations can never supplant the genu- 

 ine oil, while the very fact that they can be 

 occasionally employed for the vitiated taste 

 of certain localities shows the high e- 

 teem In which tho genuine product li 

 hold nnd its Increasing use. Th< 

 .-us iuak tho genuine more 

 Jie. lew new olive orchards 

 are being planted in the south ol 

 I France for two reasons: About Marseilles 



but tho permanent injury is such that some 

 Spanish writers tluuk that the method 



ground should be of the best quality. The 



teds should be thinly covered, that is, with UIB4 ...... ..... .. 



H1 t m,,re than two and ft half inches of, , Uou;<J b e abandoned. Slips can always be 

 t-arth The Young plains npr'-'ar tho same toull& ln [bc sorts o l trees thatar becoming 

 year They should be constantly weeded decrepi! . or if desired a tree that seems i 



d sheltered with straw or dry leaves' BUperUlloU8 can D 3 tauen while in its prime 



Jurlna extreme cold wputher. The side 

 branches should be Cut oft and the young 



superii 



from an overcrowded orchard. 



tree supported by a pn.p. aud when later 

 the young treo is transplanted, care ihoul 



be 



.-MAM. OI-'FSIIOOT8. 



As already shown, tho olive abounds in 



taken W.upp J ^ , B - ^^urfac^en S a 



, K ihis last precautmn the neeess v ^^ djgtance ftom Uie trunk . The5e 

 be; avoided of removniK afterwards ^- ^^^ ^^ f; . om , be B(Jootg de . 

 Both the tap-root and the top. scribed, can be detached nnd placed in 



rr.i. FAKING THE SOIL. uutteriei for any modu of treatment that 



According to the moresreei8 dir( = ctionsot ! may alterwards be desired. Writers advise 

 mother writer, the ground selected Bhotild ^ ( lhoy 8nould be detached with certain 

 bonrituer too sandy nor too clayey; neither rooU wnen about an Inch in diameter. TUe 

 too wet nor too dry. It should be modcr- metl , o( i j s constantly employed iu France, 

 riclv manured and geml) inclined towards Itnly >nd Spuill] ttn d I presume has beet: 

 the Eontli It should be plowed to the ernploy( . d j,i Santa Barbara county in ohr- 

 rttpth "I two and a half ieet in November tainirg llew Btoc k from the ancient or- 

 or December and left to- the winter tains. cnardB _ -j'hough so commonly praciiccd, it 

 A shallow plowing should be given in the , a oppoSBd by so me authorities as tending 

 sprint- after which ii will be ready to re- , o the decay o f the parent tree, probnbly be- 

 ceive'the slips or plants of v; hat ever kind cmse ol care i eM11 ess in the remot*! of the 

 that have been got ready for ii. The plai tn E ,, )ots ] ccr tain orchard* that I have 

 presupposed to remain inlho nursery se 5e n j n France and Italy none of thesi 

 years before being taken to their porma- gnoot!1 wcre V i 8 ibie. In oihers there were 

 nent restlnp-place. They are placed a lit ie B0retime3 EiJ; or 6 oveu of theic, white a 



. ,,_ JUHDH,,.- u., .."i ...-- ui uiupagalion uiau ne oiuinoj-eu m,^^ 



have been the rule of late years, owing to the Shtafc rpL-ulate other nuraerits, and soneeu pre , erv ,. 3 tno tree and its iruit for future 



fly and worm. The decreasing area of olive L-enerationa Is one -.vhich 



culture in France ihonld certainlv be will always agitate u'.livat- 



