ear. For most situations auiT Tn'ca:- , Tneivcrea~n 

 :!.e Meiinial pruning ia preferable. i>ut \vh;itcvcr 

 jfor some the triennial or even the quariren- 

 ial may prove to be the most profitable. 

 The general principle being accepted, the 

 time of the catting remains to t>3 consid- 

 ered. In regard to young trees just trans- 

 planted from the nursery, little remains to 

 be said. If they have boon transferred 



tho trunk, th- '.IK' tan 



..Mi's extend elteu ten feet or more from the 

 base of me trunk. If it is spread over 

 more surface it is washed a'.vay by the 

 ruins or dried up by iho sun. It ia hardly 

 when from 5 to V years old, the training necessary to discuss tho kJndof fertilizing 

 is continued some years longer: if t the material to bo. used, espi-eialiv In California, 



very little will be employee! prob- 



and the processes 



wiTh of r " ; ..union, as gathered from 



which it Is mixed not (tene; ally exceeding the personal observation of the writ 

 th ret; feet, in order that H r:i:iy be distant .articles at the groat centers of the o; 

 from the mouths at ihe extremities which Ni r d R Details r 



take in the food of the plant, I'liese rodi- 



where . . _ . - 



ably for many years. None the leys, how- 

 ever, will the olive render back nil tlikt is 

 given to ii. In Franey and Ualyftr'j used lor 

 the purpote all excremcMHiuous substances, 

 the waste of the olive, bits of leather or 

 horn, feather*, guano, bcnen, shells, the 

 waste of oil mills, the waste of wood, r.u'j 

 where the orchard n neur tho coast, the 

 waste products of the sen, and tho reiuse of 

 the olive itself. Certain materials not easily 

 decomposed by tne soil are applied In the 

 autumn, those iu an adva iced state ot" de- 

 composition In the spring, and as the sca- 



the personal observation of the writer of the 



'il trade 

 'egarding 



the cost oi cultivation aud the profits per 

 acre will be treated of hereafter, but from 

 what has been already said it will 

 be seen that the makma of olive 

 Ml, though it requires great cure 

 and delicacy of treatment and manipula- 

 :ion, is a comparatively simple and inex- 

 pensive operation. The mill is not co.-tly, 

 ueither are the vases that contain the oil 

 while it is wailing to be conveyed to the 

 ^ity merchant. Neither is the process of 

 refining expensive, the tanks when onco 

 constructed being of long duration, and the 

 filters, with their appliances, cheap as com- 

 pared with-' th') machinery of ordinary 

 workshops. Oil is a much more certain 



age of 12 or 14, the tree has already as- 

 aumed its natural shape, and it must receive 

 thereafter the treatment of the older trees iu 

 the neighborhood. It is considered in the 

 south of France, where, owing to the mul- 

 tiplication of industries, the cities have 

 taken many laborers from the country and 

 raised wages, that the harvest time is most 

 suitable for pruning for economical reasons. 

 When the harvestin certain places only con- 

 sists in picking up the fallen fruit, how 

 are time aud labor to bo found for pruning 

 trees that are thirty or forty feot hi; i 

 is this difficulty united with other reasons- 

 that has caused som authorities to recom- 

 mend that gradual efforts be made to bring' 

 the large trees about Xico, Menton, Grassa 

 aud Cannes to the more reasonable height 

 of those of the rest oi the south of France 

 or near it. 



POINTS. TO r.::5UMr,F.i:. 



Ancient writers fixed the time for cutting 

 the olive at fifteen days before or forty-five 

 days after the spring equinox. At the pres- 

 ent time in tae olive regions some favor 

 spring, some autumn, and some for econ- 

 omical reasons, as stated, prefer the end of 

 the harvest. The '-end of the harvest" is a 

 very indefinite term, and may mean Decem- 

 ber or any time afterward till tho following 

 ilay, for in Italy and France the harvest ' 

 may continue during this period. It rrmsti 

 be remembered that the fruit is never pro- 

 duced except on wood one or two years old, ' 

 If new shoots develop each year without 

 accident, the olive will produce annually, 

 but in very fertile years the sap goes rather : 

 to the frulj than to tho shoots, and their 

 number is lessened. The cutting should 

 favor the lateral shoots, either in arresting 'JCW'i* .-... *....... ..i 



tbeirUrminaldevelopmentoriasuppressing ih ">"' of articles on the'culture of the Trance and in th. _......, . 



each year a number of the fruit-bearing twigs- i olive which the CHRONICLE ii givfog to the riealthy condition and in full bearing, there 

 for a yearly harvest. The suppression of a Public are designed first to show that the \ vould still be a. profitable field for a trade 

 branch is made, as already intimated, above soil and climate of California, since they re-t hat is rapidly extending. The very adul- 

 the exterior bud, in order that the develop- semble in mauy respecls those of the coun-i erations of oil which are constantly being 

 ment may be centrifugal in an ohlique and tries where its cultivation hag for many uadc in Marseilles and other places of ex- 

 ascending direction. The opposite bud i - 



at the same time suppressed. In spite of. 



son of fructification approaches, iwveMul product than wine, which is easily 



fertilizer* that will act ai onco. H is roeom- in j ured or ruine <i by unavoidable acci- 



meuded bv some to apply in small doses, . 



!u'd often to lavor the eveii and regular de- d61 " 3 - II ">? change Us quality, but 



velopment of the fruit and the tree. a little c&re prevents any serious de- 



In connection- with the culture of the terioratiou. The final iteps of its prepara- 



?oned^ s tif ~ of wimc * for ''*<" a " * mDle " d "' ' 

 during the 'laat (ioO years. The first of 1 here is scarcely any expenditure for labor 

 which a particular record has been kept iu a small mill, while the employes of an 

 occurred iu mo, and was very destructive establishment where oil is sold at whole- 

 in Tuscany. Some ol these have ai.onnded . nnmhci- 



with snow, and in some thjp Rhone has been 8ale are le " ln number, 

 frozen over to Us mouth. In 1782 the Tnose who may contemplate planting the 

 olives suffered severely even as far south olive in California will ask whether it will 

 ftw^o^d^caSwhu^'es^rtho Whether the market is not already 

 scourge. In the long extent of country be- overstocked, or whether more cultivators 

 tween .Vice aud Genoa many <rf these lim- are not going into the business than will 

 ited districts are still known by the age of find it profitable. In the first of the articles 

 ?^*MW'lW h'ave publ.shed some details were given in regard 

 been ueaily all killed to the ground, and to what has been done in Santa Barbara 

 every nine years a winter is looked for that county which should be encouraging. Tho 

 is expected to do great damage. I the American producer has now and will prob- 

 creater part of ( aliforuia, or in the regions 



where the olive would be most luely to be abiy continue to have a protective duty iu 

 cultivated, no such catastrophes are posi- his favor. The deterioration of the olive 

 We, and elaborate calculations need not j n ln e south of Franco, where the trees are : 

 therefore be made lor *** l gJ5 J|i several hundred years old, should encour- 



age rather than discourage him, for it 

 *HK CCIiTL'KE OK THE, OI4VE. means to thai extent a diminished compe- 



C-A^l^M. ibl- tition. But even were all the olive trees in 



6rres of articles on the'ctilture of the France and in the north of Italy in 



hundred years been an important industry, )0r t show the constant demand, and prove 

 >r its general introduction into tha State, hat there is more good oil wanted by the 



tors take care also to ;^' e .f7 te ' wb " e ' h " e ara no ^- -'esses he will be able to furnish a 

 repress the shoots which tend constantly to ' C , *"" r cold, it will endure mod- jeUer arti cle than that which is being 

 show themselves about the foot ol the tree t : a ana a Il * llt amount of snow, palmed off now on the American public for 



and on tho trunk. It should always be f * ts n ve been nnable to tell what, u u ve O u r but which is really only a mixture 



borne in mind that the best lighted sprigs r* l8 " bes ' adapted, though they in- O f cotton-seed oil, which is white, tasteless 



are the most fertile and that the horizontal ' dica 'e it in a general way, and, after having 



and colorless, wiili a certain per cent of the 



or hanging branches ere the most pro- 1 discussed the question in all its bearings, genuine article. It is not even always a 

 ductive. they end by saying that none is absolutely cotton-seed oil, which Is the least objection- 



BENEFIT OF CULTIVATION. .excluded. The conditions under which the able that is used for the purpose, but oil of 



The result of tho methods described has I olive flourishes must then be satisfied in colza or peanuts, or someone of the mauy 

 been most favorable at Bsri, in the south- California, for we have every variety of cli- commercial oils whose fabrication ha* be- 

 crn part of Italy. Here a faw years ago the mnte and soil. It is evident, indeed, that come one of the chief industrial at llar- 

 trcis were numerous, but left to themselves as far as even temperature is concerned the seilies 



like trees of the forest. Some French agri- olive would thrive in nearly every pan of There is always a good market for the 

 cultunsts came to the rescue They were the State-in the hill, and valleys of the non-edible oils. They are extensively used 



.7 the iuth ol . Coait Ean80 ' from Snn I)ie S to Mcndcciuo. in the mechanic arts, for washing soaps and i 



franco accented especially the rules that, f" 3 ") the fo ' h i" f >e Sierra, to a cer- ; lor illuminatiug. purposes. There are no 

 ^^^Stf tTn^ Si. '!! "' '''/''"'C counties south of U. so good .or tho making of line soaps, 

 province about Marseilles. The trees were ar >" iU ^ while there are millions of und the consumption in this respect is 

 in size, more or less' fruit was a ' <" Sravelly hills and valleys, that now illimitable. Whale oil is rapidly ceasing to 

 gathered eacu year, and the gathering was p: ce only a scanty annual crop of grass be an article of commerce, and before 

 done by hand. Mills of the new sjisteru n "d wild flowers, that might become or- mauy yearsmineral oils must becomescarce 

 were put up. and hari is to-day the center chards and eaidens if planted with olive and costlv rendering it necessarv to seek 

 of a rich and prosperous countrv, to which tree . Tn , hi .. 



the merchants of Bordeaux aiid Nautcr . nay the question of aflores- other illuminating materials, thus furulsh- 



Inok lor their supplies lor canning purpose* IK ' on - OIle of tlle reat problems of the ing an additional demand lor oil from the 

 atfd those of Xiea for oils (or blending and, future in California, might find a partial olive The wood of the olive tree is of re 

 . :u ^ atv supplies of the conn- solution. markable beauty aud durability, and must 



.:We responds quickly to cultivation, , is shown how the olive may be ex- eventually come into extensive use in 

 the gentle disturbance of the ! soil about itu- 'ended 10 California, by plants biought from America lor ornamental or oven for tho 

 rnn(.;,d the .judicious application of fer-. other countries by slips from trees already more substantial work of the cabinet-maker 

 orc?jKV 1 in" e the south of France, on a'cv '" """""f '" tUe 6O " lheru countries, or as tl-.o ornamental woods of America, which 

 count of the failure of the fruit, have n . ] wly fr " m thc seod - II !1(;etl ' en- long a b -o censtd to be disabundant, grad- 



grown up in gnsa aud weeds and aro tuely occuj.y the ground cither while com- ually disaj,)iear or attain prices which will 

 generally used for pasture. In Corsica in iuto bearing or after il is mature, lor almost preclude their use 

 iramdtanSioaK^P^tur e aUS Iuto2i5 8 i!lt val ^ used cither for vine- 

 Kiviera, whera the diseae prevail that ! ' rartls or cr P 8 of various kinds, or for pus- 

 have atilictud the Kreni-U orchards, tho hill- lure. So its gradual in'roduction iuto dif- 

 here the ollve grows arc ( generally ierent localities "may be made iu an experi- 



vouTpproadrL'ucca'; thS'the tree's .hmv nie "' !l1 "'' and without any serious iuier- . . _ .. _._ __ 



no si<UH of any very elaborate methods of >Pl:on of exieting occupations or indus- ject for many years to come. As it is not 

 l;;-iininit, the orchards^are generally clean^ tries. Tho manntv in which a nursery is probable that many manuals will appear in 



which is nearly always' found turned u shuuld b <> culiivuad ai 



irticles on the culture of the olive 

 iiiwl uiie manufacture of thu oil will maie, 

 w^en finished, a complete memorandum 

 for ihe intending producer which will sup- 

 ply thw want of any other work on the anb- 



- .-. . 



and well manured. So 0:1 iuto Tuscany, oi, 

 the hills about Florence aud on the 



.-,ite to i'lsa, which doss nut pass b 

 way of Lucca. Tba orchards' near Finrenc 

 hnve not for two or three years been prc 

 ductivo, but they are not for lhat re: 

 lowed to KO to decay as in thu departmei: 

 of tbe ^!aritirno Alps. 



JIAM-l'.I.Ni; Til!' OUtliARD. 



In maunrinti the olive R la 



niu. lUely explain" ,. wiili the proper man- 

 ner of their Iran planting and their man- 

 it after the coma into bearing, after 

 which the reader 

 growing legions 



crushed ill the mills and made iuto oil. 



not such ai is always placed on American 



tables, but a delicately colored and fragrant 



-;nt equally to the y and to 



ihown how in theolivc- 

 the fruit is gathered, 



thc next quarter of a century, or thai the 

 knowledge can ba obtained so completelj 

 from any other source, all those intcrestet 

 in tbe subject will do well to cm the article 

 from the CHRONICLE and preserve them i 

 a scrap-bonk fur future us?. ' 



