men I to determine its quality and future 



treatment. That his organs of taste may be 



Is presumed not to 



eat to excess, to drink nor to smoke for 

 'ing the lasting process. 

 i!so expected to use a silver spoon. 

 that no foreign savor may mislead htm. 

 Tho oil, its quality and grade having been 

 1, is emptied into tanks of different 

 size* excavated below the level of the floor. 

 Tiiey are made of brick, Uned with line 

 coinent and varnished. These nmy contain 

 from 2000 to iiS.OOO pounds, more or less, 

 oil being often mentioned iu denominatious 

 of weight. The reasons for difference in 

 quality bavo already been indicated. 

 Tlwy are injuries from the fly and worm, 

 carelessness iu separating the olives before 

 going to the mill, and a general waut of 

 neatness in gathering and expressing toe 

 oil. The oil remains iu tne tanks some 

 weeks, till the impuritiea whioh are still 

 numerous have settled. Then it is pumped 

 through long tin pipes into an upper story, 

 where it undergoes the process of liltration. 

 i It is only taken out of the tanks as fast as 

 wanted for the market, either to till special. 

 or, as is usually the case, to supply a 

 want which is usually understood from 



tag years ol develonm""' TH r.i,i,i fi in- 

 the bottom of the tanks Is taken out and 

 placed iu receptacles to await the demand 

 of the soap-makers. The temperature sup- 

 posed to be necessary for the preservation 

 i- of the oil in a perleot stale is about 24 do- 

 1 grees centigrade. If the temperature is 

 : too liigli. the windows are opened and an 

 '\ effort made to reduce it. If an unlavorable 

 Condition of the oil is noticed, it is changed 

 from one vessel to another, the mere change 

 being beneficial 



THE FIl.TKKS. 



The size of the vessels used for filtering is 

 arbitrary, as is also their shape. Those at 

 Nice are generally three or four feet long by 

 two or three wide, and a foot to eifrhieei 

 inches deep. They are made solidly o 

 wood and lluea with tin. In the bottom o 

 each aud carefully distributed over it, is 

 placed a layer of cotton, the forai beiuf 

 generally that of batting, and the qnantitj 

 about twenty pounds, or less, according t 

 the size oi trie filter or the dimensions o 

 the bottom. It it kept down by a heav 

 plate of tin, pierced with round holes. T 

 liters are placed in rows, and usually in 

 wo tiers, the lower receiving the oil after 

 t has passed through the upper. Having 

 >een filtered once, it is passed down again 

 nto the targe tanks, whence, in due time.it 

 i pumped up to be once more littered. '1 he 

 ;,-s in which the oil is sent to distant 

 mnrkets depend on the character of the 

 rade. It may be sent off in large or small 

 casks in strong tin cans, made like ordi- 

 lary'oil cans, but largo and without a 

 landle. They are corked, and may hold 

 from one to three or four or more gallons, 

 and when dispatched may have each its 

 separate case of wood, or several small ones 

 may he put in Ihe same case. Tho long, 

 slender boltles in which oil is imported into 

 America are familiar to every reader. For 

 the trade of Denmark, where oil is con- 

 sumer! in infiuite.iiuial quantities, it is put 

 up at Nice In small bottles, holding only a 

 few ounces. Great care is observed in 

 bottling The bottles are first thoroughly 

 washed v.Hh hot water and dried; they are 

 then washed with oil of the best quality 

 and dried, after which they are ready ior 

 nse. Tf these precautions are not taken the 

 oil soon becomes unlit for use. 



At Lucca, whore the trade is less, thouga 

 very delect the processes and appliances 

 for making oil are simple. The mills are 

 old-iashioued and the presses also usually ol 

 the old styles. At some of them the o 

 mav be refiul ready for market before 

 leaving the mill, but at most it is placed 

 when it comes from tho presses in earthen 

 jars till it can be conveniently taken to the 

 merchant! iu the city, whose coaimercial 

 relations are with all Europe and with New 

 York The arrangements for refining and 

 filtering arc less complicated than at Nice. 

 The ta'iks below the floor are much the 

 same, though smaller. The filters are 

 shaped like the hopper of a mill, so that 

 the bed of cotton at the bottom Is more con- 

 tracted The elaborate system of pumps is 

 generally wauling, and when oil is ilesirud 

 to fill an order one filter is placed over an- 

 other and the oil is ladled by a workman 

 omone of the tanks into the upper one, 

 rhence.it finds Hfi way through tho lower 

 le into the proper receptacle. It will 

 seen from the example of I.ucca, whose oils 

 a're perhaps the most famous in te world, 

 ,at excellent reult can be obtained by 

 mple appliances united always witii 

 itience, care and neatness aud intelligent 

 imputation. 



AND OII.8 OS CCKTBAL ITALY. 



Of Italian methods at large, which differ 

 in many ways from those of the French, it 

 not possible to say much in this place 



'Jico^HHB 



and the manuals i 

 siruction yield som 

 dices and necessities, and 



i : ly pi 01 



their 

 try tn 



them by M-.o,vluK them how they can most 

 efficiently operate with the means 

 their disposal. Tho cultivation of thaollv 

 tree in the vicinity oi Komo is an extensive 

 and prosperous indust-y- The orchards 

 seen by tho writer at A ibano aud n: 

 snno, about twenty milei irom th 

 were remarkably handsome, and an 

 i -.g feature of a landscape that can bardl; 

 be surpassed anywhere In the world. The 

 trees are generally kept ot medium size 

 and the branches are numerous, the top 

 being usually cut off at a certain uniform 

 level giving free admission to the sunlight. 

 So carefully lifts this cutting off o! the lop of 

 the upper branches been practiced by some 

 proprietors that in looting off across cer- 

 tain orchards all the troei had been kept 

 at Biu'h a uniform altitude that their tops 

 seen together seemed like a floor. The 

 trees are planted In orchards among tl 

 eyards in rows about tl 



ar ;,ap;es, n-.ia in 

 ry for ornamental pui 

 SmrUl boxes, canes, mirror frames, br< 

 :..iiTBble variety of torn 1 

 cles are made of it. It can r 

 crows large In tho trunk, as it ' 

 tral and -Southern Italy, aud will no: 

 do in California, be used for vonesring or 

 for entire sets, of furniture. There seems 

 to be no limit to the durability of the wood 

 any more than there is limit to the life of 

 the tree. Th wood is of light color, and 

 though dark woods are al the moment pre- 

 ferred, light woods have their periods of 

 favor, or indeed for certain tastes are never 

 displeasing or out of fashion. The wood is 

 also^xcellent for fuel, a use to which it is 

 to tie hoped it wouia not often have to be 

 put in California, thoiiKh It is a considera- 

 tion not to be despised. 



jSarly Bearing Olives. \ 



* $*wtfiKinf<>rtiiiiiite that the Mission 

 nhve was the iirst kind to be introduced 



d 



artered -red hren into (,, >ia. Its Mow-growing quali- 



eparate, as the exigencies of time aud cul- {' Ks and its tsrdincss in bearing make it 

 ivation'have left them. They are nearly ver y undesirabre, px'iept in orchards where 

 all thrifty aud the foliage of a rl< >r. th(J owners can afl f; m l to wait. On this 



y^^K^i?^* <<- is popular prejudice 

 g eof the trees does ;-.ot general,} exceed Hg! ;iust all olives, the general idea hem- 

 fifty years, though there are probably ex- t | m t it takes olives too long to bear. 

 tions the vitality rr;|,j s j s an elTo r. We have seen oliyc 

 t t , over j 000 ol j ves ,.| le third 



ye- after they ^re set out, and even as 

 trunk remained, while others seemed to sup. early as the second season had several 



fni, nn A Rort of trlPOfj 1 ,,,,,, I vi. il \V It An ,f hia vsirictv 1M five Or 



, 



ceptious. In exposed positions the vitality rr;|,j s j s 

 of the tree is shown iv 



port a nourishing top on a sort of tripoi 

 composed of tlireo nanow strips of the 

 outer shell. The height of the trees doei 

 not generally exceed from twenty to thirt] 

 feet and their circumference irom one au-" 



hundred. Whetiithis variety is five or 

 six years old it will have paid for itself 

 ninny times over, and will then yielda 

 handsome profit to thc'orchardist. Those 



a "half to three or four feet at a height o, who wish to set 'out an olive orchard 

 three or four feet above the ground. h< should select some Stock that will easily 



level of the ground the c're" 1 ^ 6 ^ ta k e the graft, anO wait their time. In a 

 might sometimes bo eight o, - *n ^fc.t TW ^ gdouso[ fine varie . 



rl^irvalurif oTe'aw m to"u y se it. ties for ,ni,t,n t , Though we have many 

 ^n is AM> .'iiY WAEEHO fine varieties of olives in this state, uoae 



The mills arc simple and the 

 filtration among the merchan 

 practiced only by a few. Themntivc po 



mmftants at'liometeap their oil In large 



jars holding fifty or sixty hectoliters. These 





Y \V Al. H.11 U L ~ L'~. II iJVy * <* *, n^j j " 



e and the process o are to be had in great quantity at present. 

 i merchants at Koroi j t takit*"vears tor the newly imported 

 w. The motive powe 1 tro ^ft o gup]) l ? all the cuttings necessarv. 



OLIKES. 



?; ' 



We are , 



receiving increased attention 

 at the hands of our ranchers and 



fruit yrowers. While wilh this as 

 best bv the mercuaiHH m, [\uuv. *.,.- IIUIL f^iuv^i" 



mniority of the oils at Home are not acred wi , h a || ol h cr kinds of fruit, nuich 



at all but lose their impure matter _ ._ 



lt lcare is requisite to keep tl 



fuUy th covcred eh to 1S exci L udVfo r r 5 - , a thrifty condition, free from 



i actual or other p"St,s, from careful obser- 

 : vauon and inquiry for several years 

 nuas" we are satisfied thai the olive is noi 

 only one of our most profitable, hut 

 one of the most stable and reliable 

 thrown upon the market, 

 cured for table use or con- 

 olive oil. The Mission 

 is hardy and long lived, and 

 adapted to Southern Califor- 

 nia. With care it will become re- 

 munerative in five years, and with 

 the continual growth of the tree th. 

 of fruit is increased, and ten 

 ulloiis to a tree is but a 



n\d a most decided character, aud ' 



Sif^V4?iSyK 



^^^trrfo^S^ 

 loreaoilaa few firms are filtering o n 



holes 



holes reim B on the bed oi cc 



below the cotton were two rows of cylm 



Urical tubes for escape about two oi three 



Inches in diameter aud the same depth, 



th< 





The oil refined here 

 editi Tuscany or a few 

 ,n Italy. It follows 

 i from the neiglibor- 

 an he made ao good 

 irate mechanical treat- 

 Lucca, 



at 



thought necessary. 



was r. 



other 



that if the oils 



hood of Kome co 



without the Jabo: 



meut they receive 



excellent quality. Hut beyond th. 

 pruning mentioned as the chsracterisao o 

 some orchards Ihe trees bear no iga 

 careful culture. In some cases the I 



most cases the.orchards are ero 

 which has no appetn8o of havim 

 lately dislurbed. It is evident that o 

 the best oilB will admit of the simple melbooi 



Kome while His equally true that oils 

 ot only ilr quality and carelessly 

 lated at the mill can be made m 



A even esculent by filtering and 



olive growth in tins portion of San 

 county will soon necessitate 



SS-! * . mill for making oil, and while 



r&clsritivio oj 1011^01 i 



^g^d turns than dec.duo.is fruits, we 

 roots, bt ifUifiuk that in a consecutive n urn be 



own in grass , fi , w ;|l' he irreaUT. 



ou^oftho 

 have not hitherto -.neationea the 



;hl J " r -,,", 

 grained and very .ImuJsome, ana is used f 



of years the profit will'be grettLer. 

 An'olivo orchard of ten acres wiih 

 100 trees to the acre and rive gal- 

 lons to the tree will produce 5,011 

 gallons, and these at 50 cents a gal- 

 lon for pickled olives, after" paying 

 all expenses of cultivation, irriga- 

 tion and oilier labor would leave a 



