orange, almond, prune, etc. Why' 

 should the olive be singled out? It can 

 be grown with much less expense and 

 care than the orange or the grape. I 

 think the true idea for California is to 

 grow such fruits as can not be produced 

 elseivhere in the United States ( Florida 

 perhaps excepted), fearless of European 

 competition. Thousands of years* of the 

 closest kind of competition have not 

 destroyed the profits of oli>'e growni:. 

 in the countries about the Mediterranean . 

 France has 400,000 acres in olives; Itah 

 1,500,000 acres; Spain an enormous area 

 planted to the tree. But France can 

 not, or does not raise olives enough to 

 supply the foreign demand for oil, and 

 notoriously uses cotton-seed and other 

 oils to adulterate the insufficient product; 

 of olive oil. 



Mr. Whitney says that ' in point ol 

 fact we get a great deal of the very best 

 oil that is made in France or It.ily.' 

 This is contrary to the opinion of U. S.l 

 Consul Walsh, at Florence, who has 

 officially reported to oiir Governmeni 

 that ' no pure oil is exported from Italy. 

 ' Twenty-five per cent,' he declares, ' o 

 the liquid exported is composed of cot 

 ton-seed oil, and the mixture sometimes 

 contains fifty per cent.' Our Consuls ai 

 France have made like statements. Tni 

 is the ' virgin Italian oil" that can be 

 bought iu San Francisco at $2 38 n 

 gallon. 



E'.Iwood Cooper of Santa Barbara has 

 had to compete against all Europe (save 

 for the duty of $1 a gallon), and bis oi 

 is quoted ;' $13 50 per dozen 'quart 

 bottles, and hard to get. He has told 

 me that ten-year-old trees should giv< 

 an average of 150 pounds of berries each, 

 and that 15 pounds of berries make one 

 bottle of oil. His trees are all of tin 

 Mission variety, and the soil .is good 

 some, of it (or much of it), adobe. 



The yield of Mr. Whitney's tvvelve-or- 

 thirteen-year-old-trees (forty-five pounds 

 each) is certainly small. This is prob- 

 ably the eauseof his poor opinion of the 

 olive for profit. A judicious pruniuv 

 might greatly improve their bearing 

 qualities. A ten-year-old olive tree 

 blew down last winter in this city. [!.* 

 owner, (Peter Run 7,) told me it bore 150 

 pounds a year. Isaac Lea, at Florin. 

 has some twelve-year old olive trees that 

 he says bear 1'2~ pounds each. There 

 are some very old Mission trees at San 

 Diego that have borne 150 gallons ( ,i 

 berries each annually, for two years in 

 succession. In Ellwooii Cooper'spamph- 

 let on the olive, he - 78 he 



took over thirt> g.iilons each of!' a few ot 

 his best trees, his orchard being tnen 

 :mly six years old. He a. Ms t'.iat he 

 thought some of his eight-yea 

 won M ,. 



Whitney* (roes dc tv 



fair criterion of tin- yield of tne oiivcin 

 California. Our vinrin soil gives fai 

 bett.ei- returns t,h:iu those obtained in 

 K'irope with the 111.- 

 Thus in Veniii.-v. sixceen-year-nld 

 are said to yield bin four gallons offier- 

 ries each, and throughout the Medifr- 

 ranean regie,, i 

 un;': 

 L_{kujsii] 0pp. f! B .,]; 7 , rn ,,,rt; 



that ' the best' olive groves give a net 

 income of $58 an acre, and that the 

 average is $20 an acre. He estimates 

 the net income of oram.v orchards there 

 at $30 an acre. Consul Roosevelt, at 

 Bordeaux, has estimated the net returns 

 from the vinyards of that district at $23 

 an acre; not a bad showing for the olive, 

 i in comparison. I may add that one of 

 I our consuls gives the average net returns 

 of the best olive orchards in Tuscany at 

 $62 an acre. Manuring is there a heavy 

 expense. In a total annual expense of 

 424 lire per hectare (2J acres), the man 

 ure cost 300 lire. 



Leaving oil out of consideration, there 

 ; ought always to be a good profit in Cali- 

 fornia olives for pickling purposes. 

 Pickled ripe olives make up a large part 

 of the food of millions of people in 

 Europe. These are not the pickled 

 green olives of commerce, but those 

 taken from the tree after they have 

 turned black. There is no more whole-: 

 some food. America will consume many 

 millions of gallons of such pickles annu- 

 ally, when they can be retailed at a dol- 

 lar a gallon, which would leave a hand- 

 some profit to the grower. The pick- 

 ling need cost no more than ten cents a 

 gallon. 



At present imported pickled olives 1 

 coat about $1 50 a gallon, wholesale, in 

 San Francisco. The California pickled 

 olive /.fission variety) sells readily at 

 from 80 cents to $1 a gallon, to whole- 

 salers. 



I believe with Mr. Flamant of Napa. 

 (who has sixty acres in olives) that ' the 

 cultivation of the olive is going to at- 

 tract much more interest in California 

 than viticulture, because either by pick- 

 ling or making oil, it will pay three or 

 four times as much.' He was brought up 

 in France among olive trees and vines, 

 and his opinion is certainly valuable. 

 He has an extensive vineyard, in addi- 

 tion to his olive orchard." 

 THE OLIVE. 



i 



Us History ilnrdiueat- Conditions of Growth 

 - I'ropiiitrujon Z*rocc*< rf Oil Makins; Iin- 

 portimce of Its f;i:ui: in Sun Uiego 

 County. 



[The foil" ,' book on 



Jive culture by Frank ,S. Kinibull. of Na- 

 Uouul Ciu ,cd cany next 



'month, hay, :>liy furnished 11 



publication. Jn i.hciu 



.Die author explain* tlr.it Che; 

 ily detached ;uul therefore more or i 



0'J/jy, 

 To the Kt'i/Ser./O -f 



The v, 



study, h;.v. 



bo' widespread 

 learn if the probability . 

 returns will w n , 

 that every ./W relating to 



j the 

 



aimed ;i( in the preparation of il; 

 chap! 



rojRY. 



The written history 

 dates that of any other repr. 

 the earth's Horn. 

 which 



Ation. d <ii its exlenae< 



conclude tl. 

 othc. ncces--arv to supply tin 



v?an; so restricted in its area <> 



profitable cultivation, elea'Iy pointing t< 



fact, that wherever it can be. ; 

 ftillycultivaled.no other tree can equal i 

 for profit. 



VVhen cultivated. within the limiis 01' it- 

 natural habitat, the hardiness of this tree 

 iceurcs to it a prolonged existence in fact, 

 it may be said t "live forever." Indis- 

 putable evidence exists that to-day there is 

 growing in Pescia, Italy, an olive tree more 

 than 700 years old. From all historical 

 reference to the olive tree, we know that by 

 the ancients it was held in high esteem, ami 

 hem was considered an emblem of 

 peace. 



CON'DITIOXf:. 



Soil,, climatic conditions and latitude 



the introduction of the olive into several of 

 the Atlantic seaboard and Gulf Stu: 

 well as on the Pacific coast. Its culth 

 Ju California dates from the period im- 

 mediately subsequent to the cnabli-' 1 

 of the iipt Jesuit Mission on the : 



which was founded in l' i3'.:>,ata]<o;nt 

 aboui six miles northeasterly from the bay 

 of Sati Diego, in !:an Diego cot: 



In 1809, when this Mission orcbar 

 been planted for a century, I counted 347' 



could 



be found, a larp/ 

 been barn 



camp (ires, while the Mission \ 

 by Ijnilcd 8 tales soldiers after the cl 

 the war with Mexico. 



For years past this y 

 been in the hands of those wh" 



cs are cruel," and it is fii 

 to a forest of tnalya; and , 

 'i' is that there exists a n 



whore ,!u,, 



fcerra laid the foundation of the 

 ilifortia, 



TE> ,l'F,. 



Search through na 

 ntion to the flora of our globe, and tl 

 uot found another plant wnieb h 

 a hold on existence. Kvcn the pins . 

 secured to the ground the lo: 



iron of cavalry, which accoin] 

 Imperorof Morocco on a |o ! ..i-;, 

 ! tosBrrender their o 

 deep into 

 wa rd heaven. Their posi' > 



once sec. i.-nts of 



soldiers. Tn ;. 



which I planted 1,1 1873 , one of the < 



Summer of 1876, and the- 

 in the inn 



.igation is t -> i.tke li; ; 

 treesselecting only those frorc 



best iieurerscu: 

 ten inches long, plant in ro 

 aalt to three feet apart and about on 



rows, tlie toil - 

 above ihe surface of the gn 



'.', which v,, 

 wnona be conve: , 

 by the i ryer ground ai 



'"'"lln :.-, eel. 



I. The cutting-: 



pecial care must be taki 

 I'S the earth fir 

 tnips, which, for orchard 

 Kit be less than an inch in . 

 ground around the cul t ; " 



ol perfect tilth, to insure t!, 



There are various theories in reird to 



ween trees in the or.', 



Some planters .nlopt forty feet as the proper 

 distance, others plant ol thirh 

 ;:ll others at iwenU 



1 h : lv "t twenty and at hventv- 



imirieet, ami in future shall plai 

 [rfhtances, depending on location am. kind 

 'Land by the quincunx mei 



AF XT 



v ' 1 " iesol man 



! iolds a parallel relation to the , 



ipoaition apylics not only to the' 



all 



here nivili/.- 

 an ex 

 1,1 ,. 



