heit 81 '.yields 4,974 "Wntigrade de- 

 grees, while 3,978 degrees only are re- 

 quired, equal to 21.84 Cent., or about 

 71 F. Tne latter amount being ac- 

 cumulated up to the first days of Oc- 1 

 tober, the early ripening of the olive 

 is accounted tor there. 



This amount of heat will take more 

 time in California in general, but the 

 action of the sun iu April will allow 

 our calculations to begin a month 

 earlier, and we may add a part of No- 

 vember where necessary, having prob- 

 ably nearly 8 months, instead of the 

 mean temperature in Seville furnish- 

 ed in about 5 months and a fraction. 



The comparisons of Seville mean 

 heat would be : 



31 days in May 23.8? Celsius 75" Fah. 



80 ' -June ,\ 24.1 IVi " 



31 " July 29.2 " 84'/, " 



31 " Aug, 30.1 " 88 " 



SO " Sep. 29.3 " 88!-5 " 



31 " Oct. 27.3 " 81 " 



27.3 Celsius equals 81' Fahrenheit, 

 mean temperature. 



That of Barcelona would be : 

 30 days in June 



July 



Aug. 

 Sept. 

 Oct. 

 Nov. 

 Dec. 



23.7" Celsius 

 23.2 

 24.3 

 22.5 

 21.1 

 13 

 8.2 



75 I 

 74 



78 



72K 



70 



55!i 



10 days of May 



30 June 



31 " July 

 31 " Aug. 

 80 ' Sept. 

 31 " Oct. 

 30 " Nov. 

 '31 " Dec. 



87= Fah. 



77 " 



79 



7!) 



68 " 



58 



50 



42 







Mean temperature 19.6 Gel. equals 

 67' Fah., the fruit ripening in Decem- 

 ber, i LA>U\. v{<Cq. //Wuf 



Six leagues distant from Madrid in 

 an olive region, viz., Morata de Ta- 

 juna in 



19.2 Celsius 



25,2 " 



26.3 



28.1 " 



2U.2 



U.3 



10.1 

 5.7 " 



having thus mean temperature 18.4 3 

 Cel. equals 65 ' Fah., equals 4,195 , 

 to ripen the olives in December. 



Both the regions ol Zaragoza and 

 Salamanca are not hot enough to ma- 

 ture the Cornicabrce, our California 

 Minion olive, the former generating 

 from the middle of June to last of 

 December, 3,264% the latter, 3,260, for 

 Salamanca has its temperature in 

 December below freezing point, but 

 the Empcltre variety jlourinl' * there, 

 ripeumg late, but perfectly. 



These examples will illustrate suf- 

 ficiently how the heat calculations 

 should be applied, the period of the 

 3omiug forth of blossoms varying in 

 aach district, being taken iu account 

 as the beginning of the period and 

 the months of late Autumn and early 

 Winter whose warmth degrees nature 

 utilizes in the olive tree, is also to be 

 included. That in regions of one 



(..Unto fia i" u "" 



fsjlives ripen as early as the end of Oc- 

 tober, others growing near ripening 

 two months later, as Mr. Kimball 

 informs me happens on his own es- 

 tate, will have its explanation, be- 

 sides the greater amount of food sup- 

 plied by the soil to earlier fruit or 

 other favorable circumstances, chiefly 

 iu the greater amount and more direct 

 action of heat on the trees supplying 

 that fruit except it be a variety dis- 

 tinct from that yielding ripe fruit la 

 ter of which I am not informed. 



That the tables cited from Span- 

 ish localities are our infallible 

 guides, I must not assert. Persons 

 better versed in the matter and who 

 have more time to spare than myself, 

 may argue about it. Proper calcula- 

 tions applied to different sections in 

 our State may easily be made, taking 

 the Spanish instances for pattern; the 

 latter are rough onesjand averaging 

 not scrupulously exact ones. True 

 calculations, based on recorded ob- 

 servations in California, will show re- 

 sults that may easily dissipate the 

 doubts raised by the 'Herald. 



There is no reason to doubt Califor- 

 nian capability of growing every for- 

 eign variety of olives, be the amount 

 of heat according to the examples of 

 tables in the Herald's mind impossi- 

 ble to reach or not, for if the Califor- 

 nia Minion olive is the Cornicabra Cor- 

 nezuelo variety, then this variety being 

 exactly that which requires more heat 



fhnrLnnn f,fjifr whir f..ir iipmT *5~pn- "Cuttings weli planted and well taken care 



man any otMr, wnat tear neea we en Qf snould ,, t , lr f rult enough the fourth year 



tertain not to succeed with any other to pay t - or cultivation. Many trees will bear 

 new introduction? Is not the Mis- the third year, and I have neverseeu a well 

 sion olive of Spanish origin? Then f^ e ftu ,j r ? c """ dld not bear some frmt 

 why should not all other Spanish va- Tree 9 transplanted from nursery at two 

 rieties, most of them less exigent years old will seldom bear the following 

 ,,. onvmllw nrnsiipr' Of ?<** Dut should bear well the second year. 

 than ours, equally prosper . v J r have helped pick eleven gallons of fruit 

 course the right conditions Ol Soil.po- f rom a four-year-old tree, which had no 

 sition and atmospheric circumstances extra pains taken witn it. The most I have 

 Should be well weighed before going Pjctod from a three-year-old tree was three 

 to determine varieties to experiment i think there is no other tree so tenacious 

 With. The people of the district ol>f i lrc as theoKve , orwhlsh will respond to 

 the Herald need not be discouragedsood cultivation with so valuaoie a crop on 

 by superficial remarks, for have not? Klv 

 they the living testimony of a centu- 

 ry of success in the most exacting of 

 olive trees befor their eyes. And as 

 to the region of the REGISTER those 

 who in this and adjacent counties wish 

 to better their property by planting 

 olive trees, have no reason to be 

 afraid o! undertaking a hazardous 

 thing, for better than the pen can tell 

 them the success with trees yielding 

 well.as I have been told by Mr. Estee 



i and Henry Hagen on their properties, 



! as well as on other ranches in the Na- 

 Napa Valley, will persuade and teach 

 them. The circumstances of locality, 

 soil, exposure and shelter in parts 

 where the pioneer olive trees in the 

 Napa district thrive may serve also 

 best to illustrate how and where best 



*r. VAlanf nlivps Xfl doubt that if me uis* ut MiuL-niiii^ tuese auu onier vi 



to plant Olives. r >o uouut iut 11 (JeS| jn llu , snapcof roou , d lauts from 

 somewhat tardier m growtti tlian in m0 st reliable nursery of Spaltf, and, as 

 the southern counties, the tree Will be informs us, will be able to include in hi 



wolnoVilc rvna in fViia pnrmtv and orders up to the end uf October some more 

 a very valuable one m tms county ana on the rt Qf tlcmeu who mi ht desire 



the neighboring ones. Mr. Onarles to obtain some. It is not a matter of profit 

 Krug does not hesitate to plant this with Mr. Pohndorff, who will import the 

 season many thousands iof blive trees. fiS^iSSlS5 a SSh S ,S f SSm'eS"^ 



and he Will give due attention to jfpr- O f t ho nicklinir and th.pe of th 



eign varieties, knowing ho~" 

 a hardy and reliable stock 



the Mission olive, that win ... iuunaiuuifi 11 .- ..*.. . .,.,- 



advancing at the proper season grafts cral pickling olive trees of Seville and a 

 ,!,( tV,o fnrrn-A will show as constant bearer of the second lamest olives 

 from What the future Will s known. Its fruit ripens early and is as use- 

 adapted or superior. I leave It to ful foroil of good quality as'for eating. It 

 the contemplation of every intending requires only :wqa degrees of heat. The 

 i r,r,h tV,o imiinrrnnce of picking of the fruit whilegrecn, for pickling. 

 planter to weigh the impprl - fs of great advantage to tfie bearing power 

 possessing in pur valley chieny^ early O nh e tree. ; it ims ( to be ( trimmed annually. 



Olives. 

 Clovt-rtlfite .S' 



That olive growing and grape culture are 

 or ought to be sister industries has been 

 urged upon us by disinterested, honest 

 writers. That with one, two or three van- 

 ties of olive trees now iu the course of a 

 century Califormaliized, we have only n 



>me a fact in California. 



For the central counties of California, of 

 Bourse always selecting slopes, not the 

 plains, the following-named varieties will 

 be good for trials and definite planting: 

 The principal reason for considering these 

 valuable, is the early maturing of their 

 fruit, most of these trees requiring only 

 3100 degrees of heat in the growing sea- 



son, and some of 



g sea- 



, f them being very little 



susceptible, to the influencedf frost. r. PoUn- 

 dorfl'ofSt Helena has taken upon himself 

 the task of procuring these and other varie- 



he 

 his 



possessing m our valley chiefly early O f the tree. It has to be trimmed annually. 

 maturine varieties, tor our Mission llendondilla-- Its fruit, weighing about 



turee grammes (that of the Manauiillo 



olive belongs to the late ones. 



F. PDFF. 



8t. Helena, Jan. 30th, 1884. 

 San 



-- , 



turee grammes (that of the Manauiillo 



wciglls sevcl] , , 3 \ good for eatjng ]>ur 

 poses and also yields good oil. It re^isi- 



Fi-an 



grower of Natinal City, San 

 county, writes as follows: 

 answer to the questions of y 

 correspondent in the issue of Octo- 

 ber 2Oth I note several things which do not 

 correspond with my experience, and as ex- 

 perience is an excellent schoolmaster, I mas- 

 he able to correct some impressions which 

 your article aiay leave on the minds of per- 

 sons wishing to investigate the olive ques- 

 tion. 



I have never seen the olive Injured by 

 frost In the slightest degree, nor have I seen 

 the tenderest tree protected by corn-stalks 

 Or any other material. I have not succeeded 



prolific bearer. 

 N 



g a 



vj|gp JUKI wild mree-ieuLiis grammes, is excellent 

 Fresno early ripening and valuable for oil. Ii. 

 "- Provence, France, this tree is as highlj 

 .steemed as in Spain. 



This is one of the number recoe 



lined In the northern provinces of Spain, 

 \M- slope of the Pyrenees, us the best-bearing 

 varieties, resisting snow and Ice. needing 

 but 340O degrees of heat and beginning to 

 ears after being taken from the 

 requires care, good soil and 



u egrees 



bear a few years after being taken from the 

 nursery. It requires care, good soil and 

 manuring. In Morata, Madrid, both in dry 



nuu auuui. ILIU same iroiii n:e uoi , 



baa rotted, and planted- the balance all un- 

 derground and got good trees. 



I have tried all lengths for cuttings, from 

 three feet down to ten inches, and would 

 rather have fnem eight inches long than in- 

 creased to twelve inches, but prefer ten 

 inches. 



For starting in nursery I plant the cut- 

 tings with ihelr tops an inch or two out of 

 the ground and about thirty inches between 

 the rows' The earth thrown up in milking 

 the trenches lor irrigation will cover the 

 tops. 



For orchard planting make a basin about 

 two feet iu diameter and say three inches 

 deep, with the cutting -in the center and 

 about level witn the bottom of the basin 

 covering- the top three or four inches with 

 earth and give three or four irrigationsdnring 



the summer, with the earth finely pulver- 

 ized after each irrigation. There is no 

 reason why at least 90 per cent should not 

 grow. 



Pack the earth very closely by tramping it 

 with the feet while being filled in around 

 the cutting, beginning at the bottom and 

 continue to the top. 



1 think there is danger in planting cut- 

 tings iu nursery by simply making a hole 

 with nn iron bar, as there is likely to be a 

 vacant space at the bottom of the cutting. 

 I have seen many failures by this practice. 



1 plant with a spade, pressing the earth 

 against the last one in making the opening 

 for the next. By this method the earth is 



elOfipd dosplv Armmrl fllo pnltlnir frntn t.i. 



. , , 



calcareous and irrigated soil, this tree has 

 for fifteen years given Iruit with regularity 

 and in abundance. 



Kneimal (Bwxmoti, BduteMcin, aotimvunne, 

 Bibien or RaiiuiuUe) -This tree belongs to the 

 earliest maturing varieties and its fruit 

 weighs three and sevetWteutha grammes. 

 The tree is not damageable by Irost, but its 

 oil is notof prime quality.* 



Varal negro (C'u.vu'i, Naatt or Alamcno} 

 This is a hard wooded tree, but will not re- 

 sist frost, wherefore it must be planted in 

 sheltered locations. The fruit ripens early. 



Gordal (Oo(, Roil, RnjM) This is one ol 

 the tallest olive tree?, grows quickly, is little 

 r.j ny insects and u-hen wounded 

 ^MHTBp in a readily formed wart. It is not 

 identical with the Seiullano.also called (Joi- 

 dal, which latter yields a diflcrent fruit of 

 three and seven-tenths grammes weight 

 while the Goraal real olive weighs four and 

 two-tenths grammes. It is mostly used-for 

 pickling, but also yicrfls*good oil. The fruit 

 is early maturing and resists frosts. Good 

 soil is a requiHt" to its successful culture. 



Vordfjo (Verdnl, \'t.rclial, }'iri'litlu)'i'bis 

 tixe is one of the most esteemed varieties, 

 requires fertile soil or manuring and resists 

 frost. Its fruit, weighs three and seven- 

 tonths grammes and is good tor eating or 

 Oil. 



The following-named late maturing varie- 

 ties are rcconnncndable: 



Madriteno ( l["ri i nl, u;rn Ettroprn Maxima} 

 Its fruit is of lar^e size, weighing up to 

 twelve grammes. It is easy to grow, but 

 does not yield oil according to the propor- 

 tion of tile pulp. 



Piendo (Ttludiki) Its fruits weigh five 

 and two tenths grammes. 



Nevmiillo Negro Its Iruit weighs four and 

 and three-tenths graniijiOo and its yield is 

 abundant. 



Tliesi' late varieties require about 4000 

 degrees of heat. 



The sii'all, pi'-king olive, I'iclioliu (Lrrln'n, 

 i general ac- 



, -.'i^hs one and throe-tenths 

 ' :ie tice ri-si.-,is frostsond matures 

 its fruit early, but require- proaf ram. 



