34 PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL REVIEW. 



could be transported to various parts of the Islands or exported 

 abroad "for stock. 



To-day the Philippines are dependent upon Australia and 

 other countries for many thousand head of cattle each year. 

 The by-products from sugar factories are thrown into the rivers 

 or flushed away from the factories through drains, and the 

 leaves and tops of the cane are burned on the ground in order 

 to facilitate cultivation. In the attempt to grow our own beef, 

 these feeds should be an important factor. 



Cane molasses as a source of alcohol. Alcohol can be made 

 from a great variety of substances containing the necessary 

 constituents, viz, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 



Of the numerous alcohols possible, ethyl alcohol is the one 

 ordinarily sought and the easiest produced. This alcohol is 

 represented by the following chemical formula : C,H 5 -OH. 



While glucose is the substance which may be easily trans- 

 ferred into alcohol by fermentation, sucrose may also be used, 

 providing it is first changed into glucose or invert sugar. Even 

 cellulose and starch may be used after being transferred into 

 reducing sugars. 



The process of changing glucose into alcohol and carbon 

 dioxide is called fermentation and is accomplished by a minute 

 organism. Sucrose will not directly ferment, consequently it 

 must first be changed into glucose. This is usually accomplished 

 by an enzyme which is secreted by a ferment. 



The following chemical formula will serve to show the steps 

 necessary to pass from sugar to an alcohol : 



(sucrose) -f-HjO (water) Presence of an 

 342 M. W. 



Invert sugar 



fc.HO. (dextrose) CH,,O, (levulose) ) 



180 M. W. 180 M. W. 



- C,H 5 -OH (ethyl alcohol) +4CO, (carbon dioxide) 

 184(2M.W.) 176 CM. W. 



The theoretical yield then of alcohol from sucrose would be 

 53. per cent and from invert sugar 51 per cent. In practice, 

 however, this yield would not be experienced on account of the 

 yeast converting some of the sugars into substances other than 

 alcohol and carbon dioxide. These will consist mostly of gly- 

 cerine and succinic acid and will amount to 4 or 5 per cent. 



Since the working conditions determine to a very great extent 



