486 LABORATORY MANUAL OF HUMAN ANATOMY 



and adult types of caeca? How does the caecum differ in carnivora 

 and herbivora? (Vide Poirier et Charpy, t. iv. p. 323.) 



(b) Vermiform process or appendix (processus vermiformis). What is 



the average length of the appendix? What is its relation to the 

 caecum? What positions may the process occupy? 



(c) Colon. 



(ca) Ascending colon (colon ascendens). 



(cb) Right colic flexure (ftexura coli dextra). 



(cc) Transverse colon (colon transversum) . 



(cd) Left colic flexure (ftexura coli sinistra). 



(ce) Descending colon (colon descendens}. 



(cf) Sigmoid colon (colon sigmoideum) (0. T. sigmoid flexure). 



Note carefully the relation of each of these parts to the neigh- 

 boring viscera. Note especially the relation to the kidneys, duo- 

 denum, pancreas, stomach, and spleen. 



Free the remaining portions of the intestine, as far as the left 

 sacro-iliac synchondrosis. Apply two ligatures there and cut 

 between. Take the intestines to the sink, remove the ligatures, 

 and wash out the contents. Then proceed to the study of the 

 following external features (cf. Fig. 256) : 



(a) Bands of the colon (taeniae coli}. 



(aa} Mesocolic band (taenia mesocolica). 



(ab) Omental band (taenia omentalis). 



(ac) Free band (taenia liber a). 



Note the relation of the taeniae to the base of the appendix and 

 the caecum. Compare specimen with models and determine the 

 number of taeniae to be found upon the rectum. 



(b) Sacculations of colon (haustra coli). 



Compare the size of the sacculations upon the caecum, colon 

 ascendens, and colon sigmoideum. Which are the largest? How 

 is their formation explained? 



(c) Epiploic [fatty] appendages (appendices epiploicae). 



How many series do. you find upon the colon ascendens and colon 

 descendens? Along which taeniae are they arranged? How many 

 series do you find on the colon transversum? 



Eemove a section of the colon ascendens, open it, and clean 

 its mucous surface; pin down upon a cork tray and study its 

 coats. 



(a) Serous coat (tunica serosa). Has the colon ascendens a complete 



serous coat? What relation do the appendices epiploicae bear to 

 this coat? 



(b) Muscular coat (tunica muscularis). 



(ba) Longitudinal layer (stratum longitudinale) . 



Note that the longitudinal muscular fibres are collected 

 together, forming the taeniae. A complete, but thin, con- 

 tinuous longitudinal layer of muscle will also be found. 



(bb) Circular layer (stratum circular e). 



