CHAPTER IX. 



EXCRETION. 



IT is assumed that the chemical examination of the urine, both 

 for normal and abnormal constituents, has already been done by 

 the student under the direction of the department of chemistry. 

 The chemistry of the urine, therefore, will not be taken up here. 



This chapter is limited to an outline of a few experiments deal- 

 ing with the method of urine secretion and excretion. 



1. Movements of the Ureter and Bladder. Narcotize a rab- 

 bit, lightly, with morphine. Anaesthetize with ether, just suffi- 

 ciently to keep the animal quiet. 



Prepare absorbent-cotton pads soaked in hot physiological salt 

 solution for protecting the abdominal viscera after the abdomen 

 has been opened. Open the abdomen in the median line. Con- 

 tinue the incision to the symphysis pubis, so as to expose the 

 bladder. 



Note the form of this organ and its relation to the surrounding 

 viscera. If the bladder is full, stimulate it by mechanical irrita- 

 tion or by the application of a tetanizing induced current. Note 

 the character of its contraction. Does it continue to contract and 

 empty itself after the original stimulus has ceased to act ? 



Collect the urine and save for examination and comparison in 

 color, clearness, specific gravity, reaction, and constituents, with the 

 normal urine of man. 



Open the bladder and locate the entrances of the two ureters. 

 Observe these, for a time, for the passage of urine into the bladder. 



Trace the left ureter to the kidney. Dissect this out from its 

 bed, so that the kidney, ureter, and bladder are easily observable. 

 Observe the movements of the ureter. What is their nature? 

 How do they compare with the movements of the intestines? 



[S6] 



