148 



LABORATORY MANUAL FOR ELEMENTARY ZOOLOGY 



Organ, definition of 8 



Origin of a muscle 56 



Ossicles 114 



Ostia of heart: grasshopper 122; 



lobster 113 

 Ostium of oviduct 41 

 Ova: definition of 20; of fly 21; 



of frog 10, 32; of sea-urchin 26; 



of starfish 65; structure of 26 

 Ovaries: earthworm 101; frog 9, 10, 



41; function of 20; grasshopper 



122; Hydra 86; lobster 114 

 Oviducts: earthworm 101; frog n, 



41; grasshopper 122; lobster 114; 



male frog n, 40; ostium of 41 

 Ovipositor 120, 122 

 Oxidation, definition of 19, 23 



Palps: grasshopper 118; Nereis 95 



Pancreas 9, 39, 40 



Pancreatic ducts 40 



Paramecium 73-78; avoiding reaction 

 77; behavior 74, 76, 77; conjuga- 

 tion 78; digestive apparatus 75, 76; 

 experiments on 76, 77; fission 

 77-78; food ingestion 76, 77; 

 reaction to chemicals 77; repro- 

 duction 77-78; structure 74-76 



Parapodium 95, 96, 105 



Parenchyma 92 



Pectoral girdle: bones of 6, 54; defini- 

 tion of 6; muscles of 58 



Pelvic girdle: bones of 6, 54, SSI 

 definition of 6; muscles of 58, 

 50. 60 



Penis 120, 122 



Pepsin 17 



Pereiopods 108, 109 



Pericardial cavity 7; sac 7 



Pericardium 7 



Perisarc 87 



Peristalsis, definition of 15 



Peristomium 95, 96 



Peritoneum: definition of 7; earth- 

 worm 98; frog 6, 7, 8, ii ; origin of, 

 in embryo 67; parietal 7, 98; 

 visceral 7, 98 



Pharyngeal chamber 91, 92 



Pharynx: earthworm 99; frog 39; 

 Nereis 95; Planaria 91, 92 



Phyla, key to 129, 131 



Phylum, definition of 72, 128 



Physiology: definition of 72; of 

 circulatory system 20; of digestive 

 system 16-18; of frog 14-23; 

 of excretory system 19; of muscular 

 system 15-16; of nervous system 

 14, 15, 49-50; of reproductive 

 system 20-23; of respiratory sys- 

 tem 18, 19; of skin 19; summary 23 



Pia mater 38, 46 



Pigment cells: liver 33; skin 16, 36, 

 20; granules: liver 33; PlananaQo 



Pill bugs 125 



Pineal body 3, 47 



Pithing, method of i 



Planaria: behavior 90; cross-section 

 p2; digestive system 91; food 

 ingestion 92, 93; histology 92; 

 regeneration 93; sense organs 90, 

 91 ; structure 90-92 



Plasma, definition of 20, 30 



Plasmosome 26 



Platyhelminthes: in key 130, 132; 

 in text 80, 90-94 



Podical plates 1 20 



Polychaetes in key 132; in text 105 



Polymorphism 87-88 



Polyp 87 



Pond snail 135-138. See under Snail 



Porifera in key 129 



Portal system: definition of 43; 

 hepatic portal 43; renal portal 43 



Prehallux 3 



Proboscis, Planaria 91 



Pronotum 118, 119 



Prophase 63 



Prostomium 95, 96 



Protease: action of 17; definition of 

 17: experiment with 17 



Proteins: definition of 16; digestion 



of 17 



Prothorax 118, 119 

 Protoplasm, definition of 24 

 Protopod, definition of 117 

 Protozoa: ciliate 79; flagellate 80; 



definition of 72; m key 129, 131; 



in text 71-80 

 Pseudopodia 72 

 Pseudothyroid 12 

 Ptyalin 18 

 Pulmonary artery 44; sac, snail 137; 



vein 43 

 Pulse 20 

 Pupae, flies 22 

 Pupil 12 

 Pyloric chamber 114; division, 



stomach 39 

 Pylorus 39 



Radula 136, 137 



Ramus communicans 12, 49 



Reaction, definition of 14 



Reaction time: definition of 14; 

 of involuntary muscle 15; of nerve 

 14, 15; of voluntary muscle 15 



Reactions of animals. See Behavior 



Recessive character 69 



Rectum: frog 40; grasshopper 123; 

 lobster 114 



Reflex: definition of 14, 50; in frog 

 14, 15, 50; wiping 14, 15 



Regeneration, Planaria 93 



Renal portal system 43 



Reproduction, method of: earth- 

 worm 96; flies 20-23; grasshopper 

 1 20, 122, 123; Hydra 86; Parame- 

 cium 77, 78; snail 138 



Reproductive cells 32; systems: 

 earthworm 100-101, frog, general 

 10, frog, special 40, 41, function of 

 20-23, grasshopper 120, 122-23, 

 Hydra 86, lobster 113, 114 



Respiration: definition of 18; external 

 18; frog 19; function of 18, 19, 23; 

 insect larvae 21 ; internal 19; mus- 

 cles of 58, 59; grasshopper 121; 

 snail 137; through skin of frog 19 



Respiratory function of the skin 19; 

 movements of frog 18, 19; sac 137; 

 system: fly larvae 21; fly pupae 22, 

 frog, general 9, frog, special 41, 

 function of 18,19, grasshopper 121, 

 insects 22, 121, lobster no, in 



Response, definition of 14 



Resting cell 62 



Retroperitoneal, definition of 11 



Rhabdites 90, 92 



Ribs 6 



Root cap plants 64 



Root tips, mitosis in 64 



Roots of spinal nerves 47, 49 



Rostrum 106 



Rotifers: in key 130; in text 80 



Roundworms: in key 130; in text 80 



Rugae, stomach 35, 39 



Sacral vertebra 52 



Sagittal axis 2; plane a, 61 



Saliva, action of 18 



Sarcolemma 28 



Sarcostyles 29 



Sciatic nerve 15; plexus 48 



Sclerite 117 



Scorpions 125 



Sea fans 89; feathers 89 



Segmentation: cavity 65; earthworm, 

 coelome 97, 98; earthworm, body 

 96; of the egg 65-66; embryo 68; 

 fly 21-22; frog, adult 61; frog, 

 tadpole 68; general discussion of 

 61, 68, 71; grasshopper 117; 

 insects 21, 22, 117; Nereis 95, 96; 

 lobster 106, 116; tadpole 68 



Segments: definition of 21, 61, 68; 

 embryo 68; earthworm 96; fly 

 21-22; frog 61; grasshopper 

 117-20, 124; insects 22-22; lobster 

 106, 107-110, 112. 116: Nereis 

 o* 06: tadpole 68 



Seminal funnel 101; receptacles 98, 

 100, 101; vestcles 98, 100, 101 



Sense centers, brain 49, 50 



Sense organs: earthworm 96; frog 

 12; grasshopper 117, 118, 124; 

 lobster in, 107, 108; Nereis 95; 

 Planaria go, 91 



Septa 98 



Serosa: definition of 7; of intestine 

 34, 35 



Setae: earthworm 97, 102, 103; 

 Nereis 96 



Shank 3; bones of 55; muscles of 

 60, 6 1 



Shell, snail 136, 138 



Shrimps 125 



Sinus, blood: grasshopper 120, 121. 

 122; lobster 112, 113; pericardia! 

 ^112; sternal 113, 115 



Sinus venosus 9, 45 



Siphonophora: in key 132; in text 88 



Skeleton: breastbone 54; definition 

 of 5, 51; endophragmal 115; endo- 

 skeleton, definition of 51; exoskele- 

 ton, definition of 51; frog, general 

 5, 6; frog, special 51-55; grass- 

 hopper 117, 123; hyoid apparatus 

 S3, 541 jaws, frog 52, 53; limbs, 

 frg 55; lobster 106, 115; origin of 

 51, 67; pectoral girdle, frog 54; 

 pelvic girdle 54, 55; skull 51, 52-53; 

 sternum 54; vertebra, parts of 

 51, 52; vertebral column 51, 52; 

 visceral skeleton 52-54 



Skin: external features of 3; histology 

 of 36-37; glands of 36-37; in 

 respiration 19; in skeleton 51 



Skull: bones of 51-53; definition of 6; 

 formation of 52 



Small intestine 9, 39; histology of 

 26, 33-35 



Snail: 135-38; behavior 135-36, 

 food ingestion 136-7; radula 

 136-37; reaction to drying 137; 

 reaction to lack of oxygen 137; 

 reaction to light 137-38; reproduc- 

 tion 138; respiration 137; shell 

 136-38; structure 135-36 



Somite 95 



Sow bugs 125 



Species, definition of 127 



Specific name, definition of 127 



Spermatozoa: definition of 20; earth- 

 worm 101; frog 32; structure of 32 



Spiders 125 



Spinal cord, frog: cells of 31, 38; 

 function of 14, 15, 49; gross struc- 

 ture 12, 47, 48, 49; histology of 38 



Spinal nerves: frog 12, 47, 48, 49; 

 roots of 49 



Spindle 63 



Spiracles: fly 21-22; grasshopper 

 119, 120, 121 



Spireme 63 



Spleen 10, 11 



Starch test 18 



Starfish, development of 65-66 



Statocyst in 



Stenlor 79 



Sternum: frog 6, 54; lobster 107; 

 grasshopper 117, 119, 120 



Stigma 119. 120, 121 



Stinging cells 82, 84 



Stomach: frog 9, 39; glands of 35; 

 grasshopper 123; histology of 35, 

 36; lobster in, 114 



Styles 1 20 



Sub-esophageal ganglion: earthworm 

 102; grasshopper 123; lobster 115 



Sugar test 1 8 



Sulcus marginalis 4 



Supra-esophageal ganglion: earth- 

 worm 102; grasshopper 124; lobster 

 "5 



Suture 117 



Swimmerets 108 



Syncytium, definition of 29 



Systemic arch 44, 45 



Systems: comparison of 126; of 

 frog 8 



