112 LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 



1. In ordinary road-making very little attention is given 

 even to surf ace- draining, much less to underdraining, 

 yet nothing would improve our roads at so small a cost as 

 tile or stone drains under the road-bed: and no matter how 

 good the surfabe material, a perfect road cannot be made 

 without perfect drainage. If the land is very wet and full 

 of springs, a line of tile on loth sides of the road-bed, not 

 less than 3 feet below the surface, may be needed. See 

 Figs. 53 and 54. If the road is on a slope, the tile should 

 be placed a little above the upper gutter to cut off all water 

 that would flow to the surface. 



2. A layer of stones from six inches to one foot in diameter, 

 placed at a depth of two or three feet below the level of the 

 road and well packed in at the bottom, provides good 

 drainage for a time and makes a very solid foundation upon 

 which to place smaller stones and a top layer of gravel six 

 to eight inches deep. But for ordinary road-making this 

 foundation will not be required if the surface-drainage and 

 underdrainage are well attended to. 



3. Good materials for road -making are often difficult to 

 obtain without considerable expense, but with the good 

 foundation resulting from thorough drainage fairly good 

 roads are sometimes made with poor surface material. 



Broken-stone Roads. 



The best material for a permanent road is undoubtedly 

 broken stone, and it will generally be found the cheapest in 

 the end ; and next to this is clean sharp gravel with more 

 or less small stones intermixed. To make the broken-stone 

 road requires the investment of considerable capital in stone- 

 crushers and heavy steam-rollers, which is beyond the 

 means of small towns. 



