276 



SCIENCE OF GARDENING. 



Part II. 



141 



cortical layers of the oak for the purposes of the tanner. The first species includes four 

 varieties: the smaller instruments (figs. 136, 137, & 138.) are for undergrowth, or 

 copse bark, or small branches ; the largest (Jig. 139.) for the larger branches and trunks : 

 the long blade (Jig. 140.) is the second species, and is used for cross-cutting the bark, 

 before removed by the scarifiers, into proper lengths. 



1345. The garden-hammer consists of a head with a flat face and forked claw, and is 

 generally lighter than the carpenter's hammer. It is used chiefly by gardeners for 

 driving or drawing the nails in dressing wall-trees. 



1346. Of fruit-gatherers there are several species. 



1347. Saul's fruit-gatherer (Jig. 141.) consists of 

 a pair of cutters (a and b) attached to a long pole, 

 winch may be lengthened by screwed joints or other- 

 wise. The operating lever (c) may be attached to 

 any part of the pole; the lever of the moving 

 chop (d) has a spring under it to keep it open ; 

 and the communicating string passes over a pul- 

 ley (e); the cutters (a, b) are so connected to the 

 pole by a joint and arch (/), that they may be set 

 at any angle required, for the purpose of getting 

 at the fruit readily. Half the top of the basket 

 may be covered to prevent the fruit from falling out 

 when a full basket is brought down. 



1348. Lane's fruit-gatherer (Jig. 142.) consists of 

 a pole (a), with a pair of forceps (5, c) at the end ; 

 one forcep (b) being fixed, and the other (c) move- 

 able ; a wire (rf, d) is attached to the moving forcep, 

 which passes along a groove to the trigger (e). 

 The pole being raised by the left-hand, the back of 

 the right raises the trigger, and opens the forcep, 

 which, being applied to the fruit, the trigger is 

 pressed, by which the fruit is secured. The for- 

 ceps are formed of a ring of metal, covered with 

 soft leather and padded. 



1349. The orange-gatherer used in Spain (Jig. 143.) 

 consists of a rod with a cup at the end, composed of 

 six Ungulate pieces of plate-iron or hoop, some- 

 what sharp at the edges. The instrument is made 

 to enclose the fruit, the stalk being between the iron- 



II^hJ? plates ; a gentle twist is then given, when the fruit is 

 Ofr^"* 1 detached and brought down in the cup. 



1350. The Swiss fruit-gatherer (Jig. 145.) is a 

 small basket, with the ends and edges of the ribs 

 sharpened and protruding : it is used like the orange- 

 gatherer, in collecting apples, pears, and walnuts. (Lasteyrie, Collect. 

 de Mach. &c.) ' , 



1351. The orchardist's hook (jig. 144.) consists of a rod, with an iron 

 hook fixed at one extremity, and a sliding-piece (a) at the other. The oper- 

 ator being on the tree, seizes a branch with the hook, draws it towards 

 him, and holds it in that position till he gathers the fruit, by hooking on 

 the sliding cross-piece to another branch. This slider passes freely 

 along the rod, but cannot drop off on account of the pin (b) at the end. 



na 



143 



144 



*& 



145 



1352. Garden-jnncers are of three species ; those for drawing nails do not differ from 

 those used by carpenters, consisting of two hooked levers of iron, acting as levers of the 

 first kind; those for twisting wire in repairing trellis or flower-baskets, &c. are the sort 

 used by wire-workers, which operate both as pliers and pincers ; and those for pulling 



