EFFECTS OF CERTAIN DRUGS AND POISONS 781 



in soldiers with "irritable heart." The metabolic increase runs parallel 

 to the circulatory changes. Sandiford finds in man that 0.5 c.c. per 

 kilo of 1-1000 epinephrin injected subcutaneously invariably causes an 

 increase in the metabolic rate. She attributes the increase in heat pro- 

 duction to an excess of carbohydrate in the circulation with possibly a 

 direct stimulation of the cells as well. (In addition acid metabolites from 

 circulatory stimulation are presumably involved, as is the case with the 

 increase in oxidations produced by tyramin.) 



Evans and Ogawa found the total gas exchange of the heart notably 

 augmented. 



Catalase. Burge(&) states that the injection of epinephrin stimulates 

 the catalase output of the liver. Stehle believes that Burge's results here 

 and elsewhere are merely an expression of the red blood cell count ; "high 

 catalase" would then be equivalent as a rule to blood concentration, "low 

 catalase" to dilution. 



Body Temperature. It has long been known that large doses of 

 epinephrin cause collapse with a fall in body temperature. Freund ob- 

 served, however, an increased temperature in rabbits on a dry diet with 

 little change in temperature on a green diet. His correlation of epinephrin 

 fever to that produced by sugar or salt has been mentioned. 



Hirsch found a decrease of temperature after epinephrin, ascribing 

 it to lowered heat production. Kondo in rabbits found no effect with 

 small doses, but depression of temperature when more epinephrin was 

 given; on the other hand, after thyroid preparations or peptone, and 

 sometimes after atropin, epinephrin raised the temperature. Intracere- 

 bral injections in his hands gave a marked increase in temperature with 

 small or large doses. This effect was somewhat antagonized by antipryin 

 or by thyroidectomy. Barbour and Wing, however, reduced the tempera- 

 ture by intracerebral injections of epinephrin. 



Hultgreen and Andersson first showed that, adrenalectomy reduced the 

 temperature. Freund and Marchand found that removal of both adrenals 

 results in gradual diminution of body temperature and that the blood 

 sugar at the same time may fall as low as .01 per cent. 



^Yater Metabolism. While some of the earlier investigators main- 

 tained that epinephrin causes diuresis, it is now generally believed to 

 exert, temporarily at least, an opposite effect. Gunning, for instance, finds 

 that intravenously given in all effective doses epinephrin lowers the urine 

 flow both in anesthetized and unanesthetized dogs. The effect is probably 

 associated with renal vasoconstriction. 



Lamson and Keith have shown that epinephrin increases the red blood 

 cell count, which phenomenon is associated, in part at least, with diminu- 

 tion of the blood volume. The water passes into the lymphatic system, 

 particularly of the liver. In some species these effects fail to appear. 



Carbohydrate Metabolism. Epinephrin glycosuria has received much 



