VI. TRAINING AND PRUNING. 



put the rest of the earth over the treading, and leave the 

 surface round the treading in the form of a dish. 



221. If you plant late in the spring, lay a little short 

 litter into the dish, and give the tree a watering occa- 

 sionally until the month of July, unless the weather ob- 

 viously render such operation unnecessary. I am par- 

 ticularly anxious that the reader should attend to this 

 part of my instructions ; for, nine times out of ten, 

 when failure takes place, careless planting is the cause. 

 If you purchase trees, you should look well at the 

 roots j and, if they be very large, or at all torn, it is 

 much better to fling the trees away than to plant them j 

 for what are a few shillings, or even a few pounds, when 

 compared with the loss of years, in providing yourself 

 with fruit ? 



TRAINING AND PRUNING. 



222. TRAINING and pruning go together : they are two 

 parts of the same act, because you lay the branch in its 

 proper place at the same time that you cut it. They are, 

 therefore, inseparable as matters to be treated of. There 

 are, however, different sorts of training : one against 

 walls or pales, or against a house j and the trees thus 

 situated are called wall-trees. After these, come espaliers 

 and dwarf trees in various shapes for a garden. These 

 will be spoken of by and by ; and, at last, I shall speak 

 of the planting of standard trees for an orchard. The 

 main principles of pruning are the same in all cases : 



