ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 



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projections ; (2) apodemes, lateral ; (3) apophyses, ventral. The 

 phragmas (Fig. 59) are commonly three large plates, pertaining to the 

 meso- and metathorax, and serving for the origin of indirect muscles of 

 flight in Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and other strong-winged 



FIG. 58. Ventral aspect of a carabid beetle, Galerita janus. i, prosternum; 2, proepi- 

 sternum; j, proepimeron; 4, coxal cavity; 5, inflexed side of pronotum; 6, mesosternum; 7, 

 mesoepisternum; #, mesoepimeron; p, metasternum; 10, antecoxal piece; u, metaepi- 

 sternum; 12, metaepimeron; 13, inflexed side of elytron; a, sternum of an abdominal segment; 

 an, antenna; c, coxa; /, femur; Ip, labial palpus; md, mandible; mp, maxillary palpus; /, 

 trochanter; tb, tibia; ts, tarsus. 



orders. The apodemes are comparatively small ingrowths, occurring 

 sometimes in all three thoracic segments, though usually absent in the 

 prothorax. The apophyses occur in each thoracic segment as a pair of 

 conspicuous processes, which either remain separate or else unite more or 

 less; leaving, however, a passage for the ventral nerve cord. 



