ADAPTIVE COLORATION 193 



necessarily somewhat arbitrary but nevertheless very useful, is given 

 below, in its abridged form. 



I. APATETIC COLORS. Colors resembling some part of the environment or 



the appearance of another species. 

 A. CRYPTIC COLORS. Protective and Aggressive Resemblances, 



1. Procryptic colors. Protective Resemblances. Concealment as a pro- 



tection against enemies. Example: Kallima butterfly. 



2. Anticryptic colors ^Aggressive Resemblances. Concea'ment in order 



to facilitate attack. Example: Mantids with leaf-like appendages. 

 B. PSRUDOSEMATIC COLORS. False warning and signalling colors. 



1. Pseudaposematic colors. Protective Mimicry. Example: Bee-like fly. 



2. Pseudepisematic colors. Aggressive Mimicry and Alluring Coloration. 



Examples: Volucella, resembling bees (Fig. 247) ; Flower-like mantid. 

 II. SEMATIC COLORS. Warning and Signalling Colors. 



1. Aposematic coloj-s. Warning Colors. Examples: Gaudy colors of 



stinging insects. 



2. Episematic colors. Recognition Markings. 

 III. EPIGAMIC COLORS. Colors Displayed in Courtship. 



Such of these classes as have not already been discussed need brief 

 reference. 



Aggressive Resemblances. The resemblance of a carnivorous 

 animal to its surroundings may not only be protective but may also 



FIG. 247. Aggressive mimicry. On the left, a bee, Bombus mastrncatus; on the right, a fly, 

 Volucella bombylans. Natural size. 



enable it to approach its prey undetected, as in the case of the polar bear 



or the tiger. Among insects, however, the occurrence of aggressive 



resemblance is rather doubtful, even in the case of the leaf -like mantids. 



Aggressive Mimicry. Under this head are placed those cases in 



which one species mimics another to which it is hostile. The best known 



instance is furnished by European flies of the genus Volucella, whose 



larvae feed upon those of bumble bees and wasps. The flies bear a close 



14 



