X MORPHOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS 



CHAPTER p AG g 



VII. — Fertilization 143 



Historical resume, 143 — Development of pollen-tube, 146 — Chala- 

 zogainy, 14y — The pollen-tube within the embryo-sac, 151 — Dis- 

 charge of pollen-tube, 152 — Fusion of male and female nuclei, 

 153 — Centrosomes, 153 — Double fertilization, 155 — Male cell and 

 male nucleus, 160. 



VIII. — The Endosperm 165 



Contrast between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms, 165 — The 

 fusion nucleus, 166 — Endosperm without fusion, 166 — Endo- 

 sperm and pollination, 167 — Division of fusion nucleus, 169 — 

 Two methods of endosperm-formation, 171 — Function of endo- 

 sperm, 179 — Xenia, 179 — Morphological character, 181 — Nature 

 of triple fusion, 182. 



IX. — The Embryo 187 



Monocotyledons, 188— Alisma type, 188 — Pistia type. 192 — 

 Liliuin type, 193— -Orchid type, 194 — Dicotyledons, 196 — Cap- 

 sella type, 199— Other types, 200 — Degree of development, 205 

 — " Pseudo-monocotyledons," 206 — Phylogeny of the cotyledon, 

 208 — Parthenogenesis, 210 — Polyembryony, 213. 



X. — Classification of Monocotyledons 227 



Spiral series, 228 — Cyclic series, 234. 



XI. — Classification of Archichlamydeae 240 



XII. — Classification of Sympetalae 252 



XIII. — Geographic Distribution of Angiosperms 261 



Monocotyledons, 262 — Archichlamydeae, 266 — Sympetalae, 268. 



XIV. — Fossil Angiosperms 272 



Monocotyledons, 272 — Dicotyledons, 276. 



XV. — Phylogeny of Angiosperms 280 



Are Angiosperms monophyletic f 280 — Relation to Gymno- 

 sperms, 283 — Relation to Pteridophytes, 285 — Theories of alter- 

 nation of generations, 288 — Theory of the strobilus, 288 — The 

 mutation theory, 292. 



XVI. — Comparative Anatomy of the Gymnosperms and their Allies 296 

 Pteridophytes, 296— Cycadofilices, 300— Cycadales, 304— Ben- 

 nettitales, 306 — Cordaitales, 307 — Ginkgoales, 307— Coniferales, 

 308— Gnetales, 310. 



XVII. — Comparative Anatomy of Angiosperms 311 



Dicotyledons, 311— Monocotyledons, 314. 



