THE CAMPAIGN IN BRAZIL 187 



fever could no longer be regarded as a seaport disease, 

 for it went into the interior and up into tlie hills. 

 The situation had about this time become exceedingly 

 serious ; Brazil had gained a bad name for itself — 

 a white man's grave, " Tombeau des etrangers," a 

 place where yellow jack w^as endemic. Therefore 

 the Government set to work, offered prizes and en- 

 couraged investigators, but alas, all in vain. Thus 

 in 1891 there were 4,45G deaths, 4,312 deaths in 1894, 

 4,852 deaths in 1898, and so on, mounting up until 

 it could be said that at the end of thirteen years the 

 capital had lost 28,078 victims from yellow jack. Since 

 1850 this disease has cut off 58,335 lives. 



The time of the deliverance of Brazil from this 

 scourge was, however, approaching. It came from 

 the moment Reed, Carroll, Agramonte, and Lazear 

 risked their lives to prove the new doctrine. This 

 done, the Havana theory was taken up con amove, 

 and with such enthusiasm that four gentlemen of 

 Rio, Domingo Pereira Vaz, Oscar jNlarques INIoreira, 

 Januario Fiori, and Andre Ramos, together with 

 Dr. Emilio Ribas, submitted also to be bitten by 

 infected mosquitos. The results were, as at Havana, 

 a complete demonstration of the stegomyia doctrine. 

 Furthermore, numerous other experiments were made, 

 and all proved the one thing, — that yellow fever could 

 only be transmitted by one particular mosquito, the 

 stegomyia. 



The result was a vigorous antistegomyia policy 

 under Dr. Oswaldo Cruz, and the pushing aside of 

 all doubters. Antimosquito brigades were formed. 



