4 



xii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



FACING PAGE 



Three young Baltimore orioles and young catbird. Illustrat- 

 ing an effective method of lighting ; using back light and 

 front reflecting-cloth 58 



Three young Baltimore orioles. Illustrating the advantage of 

 effective lighting where the bird is young and has fluff- 

 like feathers 60 



Young bluebird 62 ; 



Young catbird. Showing effective lighting when the subject 



is dark 6z 



Young crested flycatchers 64 



Young crested flycatchers ready for food 64 



Young flickers. The white tips of the bills show where the 



hardening is taking place 66 



Young red-eyed vireo the day after leaving the nest. This 

 illustrates the disadvantage of a partly shaded background 

 of leaves 68 



Immature bluebird. Illustrating the ordinary method of lighting 68 



Redpoll. An example of photography on the snow ... 70 



Redpoll 70 



Cedar-bird in wild-cherry tree 72 



Tern 74 



Downy woodpecker calling while climbing apple branch in 



search of food 76 



Phoebe photographed by means of a mirror, the sunlight being 

 thrown on the bird, who perched frequently on this dead 

 twig, which was in shade 76 



Porcupine in its wild state . ... . . 78 



A well-behaved 'possum 78 



