Introduction 



may be seen several models of anthropoid apes, about five 

 hundred to six hundred B.C. in approximate date, which can 

 only have been derived from a study of the chimpanzi. One 

 of these — an ape riding an ox — is such a remarkable repro- 

 duction of the Schweinfurth chimpanzi that I cannot think 

 it can have had any other model. I imagine that this ape 

 must have been occasionally imported into Egypt from 

 possibly a farther north habitat than it at present possesses. 



But in other directions we are left with a puzzle, for the 

 nearest fossil relations of the apes of Equatorial Africa are 

 only — so far — to be found in North-west India, in the foot- 

 hills of the Himalayas. Here, of Pliocene date, have been 

 found a few remains evidencing the existence in Northern 

 India of anthropoid apes allied to both chimpanzi and orang- 

 utan. From the httle we know of it, the Palcropilhccus of 

 North-west India found in lower Pliocene formations is 

 rather nearer the human ancestor than any of the anthropoid 

 remains of Europe. 



These last have been found in Miocene and PHocene forma- 

 tions in south-central France, southern Germany, Austria 

 and Italy. Professor Fraas, early in the twentieth century, 

 discovered skulls of a gibbon-like anthropoid ape of the 

 Oligocene period in Upper Egypt. Nothing living or fossil 

 so near to the human sub-family as the chimpanzi and gorilla 

 has, so far, been found outside Equatorial Africa, save these 

 few remains of a chimpanzi-like ape in North-west India. 

 Yet nothing human, living or fossil, has as yet been found in 

 Africa which cannot be included in two species of true 

 Man, Homo sapiens and Homo rhodcsicnsis, the Neandcrt haloid 

 type recently found in northern Rhodesia. The more transi- 

 tional types between apes and men that have hitherto been 



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