239 



far south as northern Columbia, north side of Lake Superior, 

 and New Brunswick. 



Lateral nietacarpals and vomer as in Odocoileus ; a 

 pocket-like gland on front of hind-pasterns only ; antlers 

 large, complex, and situated high up on skull, usually 

 present in both sexes, generally with some of the tines 

 palmated, often unsymmetrically, and an " elbow " near the 

 middle of the beam, behind which is a back- tine, those of 

 females simpler and generally smaller ; coat unspotted at all 

 ages ; ears and tail short ; throat fringed ; main hoofs short 

 and rounded, lateral hoofs large ; large face-glands and tarsal 

 glands, but no metatarsal glands. In the skull (in addition 

 to the high vomer) the gland-pits shallow and ill-defined, the 

 lachrymal vacuities relatively large, the nasals well developed 

 and expanded superiorly; upper canines present in both 

 sexes ; lower incisors (fig. 40) small and forming a nearly 

 even and equal-sized series; cheek-teeth small and low- 

 crowned, with the hind (third) lobe of the last lower molars 

 aborted. Size medium or large. 



BANGIFER TARANDUS. 



Cervus tarandus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 67, 1758, ed. 12, 



vol. i, p. 93, 1766 ; F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. ii, pis. 223, 



224, 1821 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 83, 



1827 ; Lesson, Nouv. Tdbl. Regne Anim., Mamm. p. 169, 1829 ; 



Caton, Antelope and Deer of America, p. 86, 1877; Nehring, 



Tundren and Steppen, p. 108, 1890. 

 Cervus tarandus, a rangifer, Gmelin, Linn. 1 8 Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 177, 



1789. 



Cervus guettardi, Desmarest, Mammalogic, vol. ii, p. 447, 1822. 

 Tarandus lapponum, Billberg, Synop. Fauna Scandinav. vol. i, 



p. 20, 1827. 

 Cervus (Bangifer) tarandus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, 



vol. v, p. 304, 1827. 



Cervus tarandus schottingi, Sternberg, Isis, 1828, p. 482. 

 Tarandus rangifer, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 134 ; Gray, ibid. 



1850, p. 225, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mm. p. 189, 1852, Cat. 



Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 66, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. 



Mus. p. 137, 1873; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. 



p. 255, 1862; Fitzingcr, Sitzbcr. fr. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, 



pt. 1, p. 534, 1874. 

 Tarandus borealis, Riippell, Verzeichniss Mus. Senc/cenberg. vol. iii, 



p. 183, 1842. 

 Eangifer tarandus, Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 133, 



pi. vi, 1835 ; Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 181, 1843 ; Brooke, 



