CATTLE AND DAIBY FAKMING. 



until the following winter, when it takes its place among other yearlings in the yard 

 and is allowed to browse upon the various products of the farm, getting a certain 

 allowance of roots, meal, and cake each day. 



In Sussex the oxen are generally worked with a double yoke until they attain their 

 full growth, at 6 years. As the ox is a slow mover, it is injurious to drive him too 

 fast, and this is the case with the Sussex. When lirst yoked, steers should bo kindly 

 treated and worked an hour or two only in the day with steady older beast, that they 

 may be gradually broken into the work. Those working together should be of equal 

 strength and height, otherwise the weaker animal will do more than his share, and, 

 perhaps, tax his strength too far. The weaker beast may have an advantage given it, 

 if such is required, by slightly altering the chain of the yoke. In hot weather Sus- 

 sex cattle must not bo driven too hard or the constitution will be affected. 



The following is an old system in Sussex for working cattle in succession : To bring 

 8 steers into work each year, it is necessary to save 16 calves, 10 males and 6 females. 

 Eight of the best steer calves should be brought into work when three years old, and 

 the remaining 2 may be turned off to fatten. The 6 heifers may each produce a 

 calf at three years old, when the breeder should select 4 of his best heifers to put into 

 his dairy, and the other 2 be sold or turned off to fatten when they have reared their 

 calves. By this means a team of 24 working oxen and a dairy of 20 cows may be kept 

 up. Thus, 8 three years old, 8 four years old, 8 five years old. As these arrive in suc- 

 cession at six years old 8 will be turned off the team, either for sale or grazing on the 

 farm ; when 8 three-year-old steers will be brought into the team to supply their places. 



Experiments have been made to test the advantages of yokes or collars, and it has 

 been pretty conclusively shown that the Sussex yoke is the best system known. In 

 one trial between 6 beasts yoked and 4 in collars there were but three minutes' differ- 

 ence in an acre, which was well ploughed in 4 hours and 10 minutes. Stall-feeding is 

 practised in some cases in Sussex, when a manger, water-trough, and fodder-rack are 

 provided. One gentleman gives his working oxen 2 bushels of chaffed oats straw 

 daily, with 3 gallons of barley or beans and bran mixed. Sometimes barley or pollard 

 is used instead of the beans 'or bran, and when potatoes are given, which is sometimes 

 the case, a portion of the corn is knocked off. Hay is seldom given except the beasts 

 are at work, and then only as a bait. In fattening these beasts this gentleman gave 

 the same quantity of chaff and j ust double the quantity of the other food s. His beasts 

 are fed twice a day and the chaff is steamed. The cows in the winter time are also 

 largely fed on oat-straw, with bran and potatoes, but in summer dairy cows get no 

 corn at all. 



(7) JERSEY CATTLE. 



The following are the points of Jersey cattle as established by the 

 Jersey Agricultural Society : 



The cow and purity of breed. On both parents' side reputed for pro- 

 ducing rich, yellow butter four points ; head small, fine, and tapering ; 

 eye full and lively; face lean and of a smoky color; muzzle line and en- 

 circled with white ; horns polished, a little crumpled, tipped with black ; 

 ears small and of an orange color within ; back straight from the withers 

 to the setting of the tail ; chest deep, and nearly on a line with the belly 

 four points ; hide thin, movable, but not too loose, well covered with soft 

 hair of good color, two points; barrel-hooped and deep well-ribbed home, 

 having but little space been the ribs and hips ; tail fine, hanging 2 inches 

 below the hock four points ; fore legs straight and fine ; thighs full 

 and long, close together when viewed from behind; hind legs short, 

 the bones rather fine; hocks small, not to cross in walking two points ; 

 udder full, well up behind ; teats large and equally placed, being wide 

 apart, with veins large and swelling four points; growth, one point; 

 general appearance two points ; perfection for cows and heifers, thirty- 

 one points. 



The bull. The points desirable in the female are generally so with the 

 male, but must, of course, be attended by that masculine character 

 which is inseparable from a strong and vigorous constitution. Even a 

 certain degree of coarseness is admissible, but then it must be so ex- 

 clusively 01 a masculine description as never to be discovered in the 

 females of his get. In contradistinction to the cow, the head of the 

 bull may be shorter, the frontal bone broader, and the occipital flat and 



