THE UNITED -KINGDOM. 153 



year and eight months old, showing the high average of 2.43 pounds 

 per day of its life. At the same show a Galloway cross, similarly bred, 

 weighed 19 cwt. 3 qrs. 20 Ibs. when three years four months old, that 

 is, 2,232 pounds when its age was twelve hundred and seventeen days, 

 which is equivalent to an average of 1.83 pounds daily since it was 

 calved. At Smithfield, in 1383, the only Galloway cross steer exhibited 

 turned the scales at 1,816 pounds when ten hundred and eighteen days 

 old, making an average of 1.78 pounds of daily increase. 



Characteristics. The council of the Galloway Cattle Society of Great 

 Britain have drawn up a standard showing the characteristics of the 

 Galloway breed, which are as follows : 



Color: Black, with a brownish tinge. Head: Short and wide, with broad forehead 

 and wide nostrils, without the slightest symptoms of horns or scurs ; eye, large and 

 prominent ; ear, moderate in length and broad, pointing forwards and upwards,with 

 fringe of long hairs. Neck: Moderate in length, clean and filling well into the shoul- 

 ders, the top in a line with the back in a female, and in a male naturally rising with 

 age. Body: Deep, rounded, and symmetrical ; shoulders, tine and straight, moder- 

 ately wide above (coarse shoulder points and sharp or high shoulders are objection- 

 able); breast, full and deep ; back and rump, straight ; ribs, deep and well sprung; 

 loin and sirloin, well filled; hookbones, not prominent ; hindquarters, long, moder- 

 ately wide, and well filled ; flank, deep and full. Thighs : Broad, straight, and well 

 let down to hock (rounded buttocks are very objectionable) ; legs, short and clean, 

 with fine bone; tail, well set on and moderately thick. Skin: Mellow and moder- 

 ately thick; hair, soft and wavy, with mossy undercoat (wiry or curly hair is Tery 

 objectionable). 



(15) WELSH CATTLE. 

 Mr. Harvey, editor of the Her d-Book, says : 



The Black Welsh cattle are natives of the counties of Pembroke, Carmarthen, and 

 Cardigan, and are more generally known as Pembrokeshire Blacks, subdivided into 

 Castlemartin and Dewslaud breeds. From Cardiganshire they also extend along the 

 North Wales coast up to Anglesea, and are then called the North Wales or Auglesea 

 breeds. Whether they were ever indigenous to Radnorshire or Breconshire I am not 

 aware, but as I have an intimate knowledge of both these counties, I can say from 

 long personal observation that they are not now to be found in either of them. In 

 Glamorganshire they are to be found in the seigniory of Gower ; but in the eastern 

 part of the county there is a native breed, which is, however, becoming rapidly sup- 

 planted by Shorthorns and Herefords. 



The breed of Black cattle is generally supposed to be descended from the Bos pri- 

 miffcnius, and is allied to the wild cattle in Chillingham Park, and also to the Devons. 

 They may be described as a horned breed, generally of black color, and frequently 

 with white marks ou the udders of the cows, also ti few white hairs at the end of the 

 tail. Sometimes a few white hairs are mixed up with the coat, but this is not always 

 hereditary, and only comes out occasionally. A brown-black, approaching a choco- 

 late, is considered a good color. Occasionally there are some cows striped red and 

 black ; also somo quite white, with black ears, muzzle, and feet, but these are becom- 

 ing very rare. The horns should be of a rich yellow ; they arc generally tipped with 

 black, and do not come out yellow to the very end like Herefords. There is a differ- 

 ent pitch of horn for bulls and cows. A bull's horns should be low and well spread ; 

 the cow's narrower and the pitch more upright. The steers and oxen take more after 

 the bulls. This description applies in a great measure to the Anglesey cattle. These 

 are, however, broader on the back and shorter in the leg, with more hair. The heads 

 are heavier and the horns not so yellow as the Pembrokeshire. A really good animal 

 of the Black breed should approach very closely in shape to the modern fashionable 

 breeds, and by careful and judicious crossing this has sometimes been attained. 



The natural characteristics of the breed may, however, be described as narrow on 

 the shoulder and chine, slack on the loins, an inclination to be high on the rump, and 

 flat-sided. They aro generally deep in front and light behind. It must not, how- 

 ever, bo supposed that every bullock has all these defects, but some of them are to 

 be found in the generality of the cattle offered at the country fairs. Other breeds of 

 cattle with these natural defects may also be found, but care and attention have modi- 

 fied them very much, and the object of the Herd-Book is to create such an interest in 

 the Blacks as may render badly shaped cattle as " few and far between " as they are 

 in the Hereford and Shorthorn districts. 



