308 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 



Points. 



18. Hind-quarters, from hock to the point of rump, long and well- filled. 



19. Hoofs, hard, black,-/ ail not too small . , 



20. Growth, general appearance, and condition 



Perfection 100 



! 



SCALE OF POINTS FOR COWS. 

 Same as bulls, except 



2. Fore-head, narrow, with rather long face 



6. Horns, small, turncd-up, with tapering black tips 



9. Eyes, full and placid 



10. Neck, straight, fine, and placed lightly on shoulders 



16. Fore-arm, swelling and full above knee 



21. Udder, large in form and standing well out behind, but full in line with 



belly 



22. Teats, large and squarely placed, behind wide apart 



23. Milk-veins, very prominent 



24. Hide, deep yellow-orange color 



Perfection 114 



In the heifers the scale of points are the same as cows, and they are 

 considered perfect at 111 points before they have dropped a calf. 



The greatest importance is attached by the judges to the beautiful 

 form and purity of blood in bulls for breeding purposes, and as most of 

 the peasants and small farm .rs are unable to keep one of the pure- 

 bloods on account of the dearness of the animal, one is generally owned 

 and kept at the cost of the various districts or townships; and by this 

 means the cows belonging to the peasants and small farmers are served, 

 and the pure-bloods are continually on the increase. Cattle shows or 

 fairs are considered as a sort of public holiday by the peasants, and they 

 are attended in large numbers. The exhibition is sometimes free and 

 sometimes not. The premiumed animals are usually decorated with 

 wreaths and garlands, and receive the dye or stamp of the fair by hav- 

 ing the same burned into the horn. I have seen prized cattle with 

 their horns almost branded full from the impressions made by the dif- 

 ferent society brands. 



Brown Schwytzer bulls generally serve cows at the age of sixteen to 

 eighteen months, but some of the best breeders and cattlemen say this 

 is too early, and that they should not be allowed to serve before two 

 years old, as they are then fully developed and give more strength and 

 better constitutions to their offspring. 



OLD AND NEW SYSTEMS OF STABLING CATTLE. 



The old Swiss system of feeding and caring for cattle is fast giving 

 way to new developments which are being inade in the improvement of 

 the various breeds, and experience is teaching the people that it is as 

 necessary to the good health of cattle and other animals that they have 

 plenty of light, air, and commodious quarters as it is to human beings ; 

 and the consequence is that whenever a new stable is built or an old 

 one is remodeled, great care is taken that the stalls shall be so con- 

 structed as to give the animals more room, better ventilation, good 

 light, and opportunity for cleanliness. During my visit to many dairy 

 forms and peasant stables in quest of information for this report, I have 

 been absolutely astounded to see the sort of pUces cattle are kept in 



