332 CATTLE AND DAIKY PAKM1NO. 



TRANSPORT FEED. 



While being transported, whether on land or sea, oats, beans, and, if 

 possible, turnips should be used, good hay being always provided. 

 The straw needed for each head is from 5.51 to G.G1 pounds daily. 



COST OF FODDER. 



The cost of fodder is about as follows: Beans, $3.08 per 2.84 bushels; 

 oats, $1.93 per 2.84 bushels; lupines, $.1.93 per 2.84 bushels; beans, 

 $3.47 per 220.40 pounds. 



I am assured by Count Frassineto that where turnips are plenty this 

 breed of cattle is sure to thrive. 



CHIANINA BULLS. 



The description of well-made bulls should be as follows : Back straight, 

 neck thick, head small, horn white, finely shaped, with black tips; ears 

 quite long, but well shaped ; legs large and strong, but disposed to be 

 knock-kneed ; tail short ; the entire color is white, with exception of 

 muzzle and tip of tail black ; the tongue dark ; the barrel or body is 

 well rounded and long, the chest full, hoofs not too straight. In general 

 appearance the female differs little from the bull. 



MAREMMANA CATTLE. 



The Maremmana breed, generally of a gray and white speckled color, 

 are to be found on the salt marshy plains of Yolterra and on the clay 

 ground in the vicinity of Sienna. They are a strong working cattle, 

 but would not, I think, be apt to improve any breed in the United 

 States, being in themselves almost mongrel. The Tiberina differ but 

 little from the Maremmana. 



SVIZZERA CATTLE. 



The Svizzera breed, from Lugano, Switzerland, is only found in the 

 vicinity of Pisa. The cattle are generally black in color and produce 

 good beef, but are only medium workers or milk producers. Their im- 

 portation can hardly be recommended. 



TRANSPORTATION OF ITALIAN CATTLE TO THE UNITED STATES. 



With regard to transportation to the United States, an actual or 

 trustworthy estimate cannot be given unless the number of cattle is 

 known. From Arezzo to the port of Leghorn the railroads transport 

 ten head of cattle for about $15. 



From Leghorn to New York the Anchor Line charges about 8100 for 

 mere transportation and the necessary water for one animal, and $75 

 each for any number not under ten. In case a number of cattle are to 

 be shipped a portion of the "'tween decks" or, in summer time, the spar 

 deck of a vessel, should be chartered, and the stalls or boxes built by 

 the shipper. 



I would always advise that the space necessary should be hired or 

 chartered, whether on steamer or sailing vessel, and then the requisite 

 stalls or boxes put up and furnished by the shipper, who should see 

 that the attendants were men understanding the treatment of cattle at 

 sea. 



