SPAIN. 



387 



is level, "what is called in English grazier parliance ' 'square-cut." The horns as a 

 rule spread at right angles from the head, ends being curved slightly upwards. The 

 head is of normal shape, tapering, however, a good deal towards the muzzle. 



How long ~bred pure : From time immemorial very few foreign animals have ever been 

 imported for cross-breeding purposes, and those few only very recently, so that the 

 practical results of cross-breeding are not definitely established. 



Labor : Oxen work up to about nine years of age, thus giving about four years' plow- 

 ing or hauling; the usefulness of a good steer at either work is considered equal to 

 that of a mule, whilst cost of feeding the steer is only estimated at about half. 



Milk : But rarely collected. 



Cheese : Hardly any made. 



Methods of housing : Are of the most primitive character ; as dairying is not prac- 

 ticed, there are but very few cow stables. On most farms rough, open sheds are pro- 

 vided, under which animals seek shelter during inclement weather. 



Feeding : It is the general custom to turn all animals but working oxen loose on 

 the natural pasture ; working oxen are fed during the three or four winter mouths on 

 lleros (tares) and chopped straw, the rest of the year on grass only. 



Breeding : Very little attention is paid to breeding, unless in the case of breeding 

 bulls for the "Plaza." The desirable- points in these animals being fierceness and 

 mettle, only cows exhibiting these traits are used as dams ; the process of selection 

 is by having the animals lightly goaded by a man on horseback (el tentador) and 

 those that turn upon the horse and exhibit most bravery are reserved for breeding. 



Handling products : The production of cow's milk, butter, and cheese is very small ; 

 the local consumption of the two latter articles is supplied by other districts, and 

 goat's milk is in general use. Hence it may be said that the products of the grazing 

 industry in this province are beef and labor. 



Statement showing the number of domestic animals in the province of Cadiz (year 1880). 



*The number of hogs in the district of Jerez is known to exceed considerably the figure given here 



CATTLE IN CATALONIA. 



Catalonia is not a stock-raising province, with the exception of mules 

 in the northwestern portion^ near the Pyrenees. The province of Cat- 

 alonia is almost entirely an agricultural and not a stock-raising one. 

 Only one-fourth of all cattle for the market is raised in the province, 

 while three-fourths are imported as follows : 



Beef. During the winter from the Basque provinces and Gahcia; 

 during the summer from Argelia, Africa. 



Milcli cows. Entirely from Switzerland at high prices. 



Sheep. From the De la Mancha, Spain, and Murcia. 



Pork. (The sale of which is prohibited during the six months of sum- 

 mer) from Estremadura and Fiance. 



