390 CATTLE AND DAIRY FARMING. 



This increase in tho province of ITesse-Xassau. by far exceeds the aver- 

 age increa.se in the Kingdom of Prussia, which, although almost twenty- 

 two tunes tlu si/.e oi said province, increased only 1)0,075, namely: 



Nr. i. .'>' :- ot'iMttle in 1 lie Kingdom of Prussia : 



i,, 1-7:5 e,r>30,r,u 



bovr im ivu-e of %, 075 



TIIK OH I GIN OF KTKOPKAN CATTLE. 



The original ancestor of the European races of cnttlo is called, by 

 scientists \\ho have investigated the subject, Jios primiffenus, of which 

 original race vestiges can be followed up as far as tho proofs for tho 

 presence of human beings themselves go. At present this primitive 

 form of cattle is only found in the wild Park steer of Chillinghain, 

 Scotland, although the climate lias considerably reduced his form. This 

 race, however, can only be considered as the wild typical form of Euro- 

 pean cattle, it having entirely disappeared from Europe, excepting the 

 reduced race of Scotland referred to. The two great groups of cattle 

 which have inherited the type of the Bosprimifjenus are: 



(1) Tim lowland cattle of Northwestern and Western Europe, notably 

 in Holland, Freisland, on the Lower Elbe, in the plains of Dantzig, in 

 Flanders, in the Ardennes, in Picardy, ^Normandy, and Bretagne, and 

 in tin 1 i ^tern countries of England (Shorthorns). 



d') i ue steppe-cattle of Southeastern and Easter;;, Western audXortli- 

 ern Europe, the .Romanic race in Italy, the cattle of Scotland and Wales. 



>"-xt to the race of Jlos prhniyc-H ?*,<?, and as a, branch and modification 

 then of. the race called Bos frontosus was discovered, from which are 

 descended the variegated cattle of Switzerland (Berner, Simmenthaler, 

 Saanenthaler, and JM-eiburger), the similarly-typed races of the Tyrol 

 and Sal/burg (Zillerthaler, Duxthaler, Pinzgatier, &c.}, tho Miesbacher 

 tyjie of I'pper liavaria; the Egerland and Voigtland cattle of Bohemia 

 and Saxony, ami probably, also, the hornless cattle of England, Scotland, 

 and Norway, and the cattle of Westmoreland, Cumberland, Lancashire, 

 and Devonshire. J-'rom another branch of the original Bos primifjcnus, 

 the !>'>> hrni-hicrrvftt are descended the gray-brown and lighter or 

 daiker gi'ay cattle of Switzerland (Schwytzer, Graubindener, Monta- 

 i'on.T. Obernimthaler, ^lurzthaler, Pusterwalder, ami Allgauer); also 

 iiMsi of the, types of tli Pyrenees iml tho neighboring departmenls 

 (Landes, (iascogne, Garonne), as xvell ;rs-fhe dwarfed cow of Shetland. 

 < )i' -oiir-i' the many c'Ussings le< wen these original races and their de- 

 scendant s have jtrodneed n:i.'ntv<Mi.s intermedir.te breeds, notably in JMid- 

 dh- and Southern Germany, in Austria, in Middle and Eastern France. 

 and in England, which it; is impossible now to trace with certainty to 

 either of the great original races mentioned. It; will appear from the 

 fure^oing >tafenienis that ;t description of t lie diiferent ty]>es or races of 

 cattle of Middle liui'oj.e, might be uttem))ted, from various diiferent 

 s of view, according to the predilection of tho party describing 



M-III. ( )r-e mi-lit choose the geographical standpoint describing simply 

 the cattle now existing in the dilVen-ut countries or regions, without 

 reler f-nee t - afiinity or descent ; anot her would (lesci'ilx 1 tho groups and 

 races of cattle, which, although not contiguous geographically, would 

 seem to him to have, descended from the same original type, while still 

 another would make color the distinguishing feature of this classifica- 

 tion. But all these divisions are subject to certain objections, audit re- 



