GERMANY. 393 



the lino of tho back, with rare exceptions, straight to the tail. The 

 body is long, limbs flat and high, hind legs of cows often inclining to be 

 knock- kneed. The most profitable of this kind of cattle are bought in 

 Frieslaud (in the north of Holland); these are very heavy, with fine 

 bones, delicate skin, and in color mostly white with black, gray-blue, 

 gray, or even dark-brown spots. Their live weight averages 1,300 

 pounds. It has been ascertained that the efforts to increase the size 

 and beauty of this cattle, which have been quite successful, have resulted 

 in diminishing their milk-giving properties, so that a decrease of 150 

 liters per year, as compared with former estimates, has been established. 

 The average amount of milk now is about 2,700 liters per year, the cows 

 yielding about 27 liters per hundredweight of hay- value, these 27 liters 

 making about 2 pounds of butter. The cows require plenty of feed, 

 but remain lean while giving milk; when permitted to "stand dry," 

 that is, when no longer milked, they fatten quickly. By reason of their 

 weight they make good draft-animals, but much depends in each case 

 upon the formation of the skeleton, especially the position of the legs. 



VIII. THE MONTAFONEE EACE. 



This is a branch of the Schwylzer race. It does not belong to thk 

 heavy races as the former, but is of medium weight. Cows average 

 about 1,100 pounds. The color is mostly black, to black-brown, with 

 gray mouth, a gray stripe along the back, and light hair in the ears. 

 The head is small, forehead broad, horns white at tho base, otherwise 

 black. The neck is short, dew-lap much developed, chest broad. The 

 back inclines to making a slight downward curve (sway-back). The udder 

 is large. The quantity of milk yielded by good cows amounts frequently 

 to 1,900 liters. The milk is of good quality, 100 liters giving 10 pounds 

 of butter and 17 pounds of cheese. The oxen feed well, grow very heavy, 

 make good draft-animals, and are easily fattened ; the meat, however, 

 is coarse-grained. The home of this race is the valley of Montafone, 

 from Bludenz to Schluns, near the Lake of Constance, the latter place 

 being the principal market. 



Although the Montafoner cattle are naturally a pasture-cattle, yet 

 they thrive very well in stables, and hence have spread over a largo 

 part of Germany. 



IX. THE MIESBACHER EAOE. 



This race is a combination of the Pinzgauer and Fruitiger races, and 

 has its home in the Bavarian mountains in the neighborhood of Mies- 

 bach, Holzkirchen, and Tolz. It is a small race, cows averaging only 

 750 to 850 pounds, but the form is that of finely shaped mountain cattle; 

 color usually white with yellow or red spots. The yield of niilk reaches 

 2,100 liters per year. 



X. THE PINZGAUER RACE. 



From their original home in Austrian Salzkammergut this race has 

 spread into the adjoining regions of the Tyrol and Upper Austria as far 

 as Wels. They are also found in the neighborhood of Eras and Saint 

 Florian and in the Bavarian mountains. The principal markets for them 

 in Salzkammergut are : Salzburg, Althennig, Obcrndorf, Oberalm, Mana- 

 Plain, Saint Leouhard, and Saalfelden; in the Pinzgau: Mittersill and 

 Zell-on-the-Lake; in the Pongau : Saint Johann aud Nerfen; in the 



