GERMANY. 397 



been and is a typo of cattle in the different regions of the country en- 

 tirely adapted to the necessities thereof. Thus it may be said that iu 

 general the finer milk-yielding mountain-races are found in the more 

 mountainous parts of the Empire, while the heavy cattle for draft and 

 butchering purposes may be seen in large herds on the extensive meadows 

 of the north. 



FEKDJKAND VOGELEK, 



Consul- General. 

 FKANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN, 



January 26, 1884. 



CATTLE IN GERMANY. 



REPORT EY COXST7L SCHOENLE, OF VARMEN. 

 DEED-BOOKS AND CATTLE-BREEDING. 



It is a historical fact that rational and methodical animal-breeding 

 goes hand in hand with the social and economical status of a people. 

 Wherever civilization and the consequent economical relations of a 

 people arc not gradually developed, there the domesticated animals re- 

 main more or less in their full originality, and the primitive breeds are 

 retained; as, for instance, the small pony-like horse in Upper Silesia 

 and Lithuania, the Merino sheep in Spain, and the high-boned, flat- 

 ribbed hogs in Gallicia and Poland. It is therefore but natural that 

 we find the first systematicalfctirid successful breeding of live stock iu 

 England, where it was improved by experiments and supplemented by 

 scientific methods, thus producing cultivated breeds, which possess a 

 larger inbred producing power than the primitive breeds, which are 

 characterized by a relatively small producing power and by -one-sided- 

 ness in their performances. England, the cradle of noble-animal breed- 

 ing, was the first European country which introduced and utilized the 

 so-called cattle and herd books, in which not only the breed but also the 

 color, age, and origin of the animals are minutely entered. In course of 

 time these record books show far-reaching pedigrees, such as the English 

 ' Shorthorn Herd-book," founded in the year 1822, exhibits. These herd- 

 books furnish very valuable material for the improvement of the knowl- 

 edge of animal-breeding andforthe critical examination of the breeds and 

 families of animals. 



The American stock-raisers availed themselves of the excellent breed- 

 ing methods of the English, and have since then improved them con- 

 siderably, and the competition into which American stock-raisers were 

 able to enter with their fellows in the Old World is, to a great extent, to 

 bo attributed to their intelligent and advanced breeding methods. In 

 the United States the great value of the herd-books was soon realized, 

 so that the first American herd-book, issued by Mr. Lewis F. Allen in 

 the year 1846, met the hearty approbation of agriculturists as well as 

 stockmen, and its usefulness was so keenly felt that since that time 

 similar herd-books have made their appearance in difierent parts of the 

 country. 



France, Holland, and Switzerland are also iu the enjoyment of general 

 herd-books, while Germany does not yet possess a general one, for the 

 one issued by Mr. Stettegast, in 1807, is but a private enterprise, and has 



