GERMANY. 



409 



whole of the land to grazing. Although the soil is remarkably fertile 

 but few farmers ever grow grain or even potatoes, inferring to pur- 

 chase snch articles. 



There is no doubt but that this course brings more proflt, as there is 

 but little expense incurred in raising the cattle and the profits from the 

 sales of breeding and fat cattle are large. All the manure of the cattle 

 is used upon the meadows, and the meadows are alternately mown and 

 pastured. The manure is made most useful, for as soon as it is covered 

 by the after-growth it becomes dissolved and assimilates with the soil 

 and its strength is not destroyed by the sun. 



The dairy products are of the most excellent quality, although the 

 quantity is hardly as great as the plentiful pasture would seem to war- 

 rant. 



The following statement respecting cattle in Eastern Frisia, although 

 not official, is quite reliable, it having been obtained from trustworthy 

 private sources : 



Soil: Loamy, sandy. 



Average size of cow : Length, 2.55 meters; height, 1.31 meters at wither; height, 

 1.32 meters at rump. 



Feeding : Up to tlie seventh week sweet milk, mixed with fine hay after first rao nth ; 

 buttermilk after eighth week, mixed with oat-meal and barley. In winter, liret year, 

 beets, hay, and 4 to 6 liters of barley-meal daily. 



Average live weights of steers : Three years, 1,120 pounds ; four years,- 1,510 pounds ; 

 five years, 1,875 pounds; six years, 1,620 pounds; seven years 1,4:>0 pounds; eight 

 years, 1,520 pounds ; nine years, 1,400 pounds ; average annual yield of milk of cows, 

 2,600 quarts. 



Cultivated grasses : White clover and ray-grass. 



CATTLE IN GRAND DUCHY OF OLDENBURG. 



The great dairies around Berlin rely almost entirely for their supply 

 of milch cows upon the cattle bred on the marshy pastures on the coast 

 near the Jahde Bay and the Weser. 



The breed differs from the Frisian inasmuch as it shows a heavier 

 head and stronger horns and the buttocks are less broad. 



In weight the cattle approach that of the Holland breeds. The live 

 weight of cows will average about 1,200 pounds and that of oxen from 

 1,500 to 1,800 pounds. The udder in these cows is very largely devel- 

 oped and the yield of milk is considerable, reaching as much as 3,000 

 quarts a year from well-kept animals. 



Like the Frisian breed these cattle require good pasture and also do 

 well with ample stable food. The very best specimens of Oldenburg 

 cattle are found in Budjahdingen. 



The following statement contains some carefully collected information 

 respecting these cattle: 



Cattle in Oldenburg. 



