GERMANY. 



417 



head, in proportion to its breadth, is somewhat longer; the pigment of 

 the mouth in general of black color; the horns are flue and of a cylin- 

 drical form ; the form of the neck corresponds with the form in the other 

 marshes. The expansion of the breast, and the firmness of the shoul- 

 ders, however, do not reach that of the cattle in the Y\ 7 eser marsh. The 

 form of the ribs is more Hat ; nevertheless the total impression of the 

 fore parts of the trunk or body is satisfying, showing that breeders 

 know what they aim at; the hind quarter in all its parts is well de- 

 veloped ; a trilling curving or sinking of the backbone before the croup 

 is sometimes met with as well as a faulty elevation or situation of the 

 root of the tail; the color is, in general, with only a few exceptions, 

 black and white, four white legs, the tail half black and white, with a 

 small white star on the forehead ; the eyelids and the exterior part of ears 

 are black. The milk- tokens must be called excellent. This race boasts 

 of a fine skeleton, fine skin and hair, but in general it is not so heavy as 

 the race raised in Holstein. The Jeverland race may be called excel- 

 lent milkers, easily fed, with corresponding capability to be fattened. 

 The aim of the breeders here in general is to get good milkers. 



The East Frisian race is reared solely in the district of the Landdros- 

 tey, or county of Anrich, which is bound on the north, as are all the 

 marshes, by the North Sea, on the west by North Holland, on the east 

 by Jeverland, and on the south by the district of the Landdrostey, 

 Osnabruck. This country contains only on the sides of the sea and 

 rivers the marshland mentioned before, whilst the land lying more in 

 the interior consists of bog and sand. 



I only mention here the cattle produce of the marshes, as those on 

 the bog and sand lands are too small and insignificant to be mentioned 

 in this report. The production of cattle in the marshes embraces, as 

 in Jeverlaud, about 75 per cent, for breeding purposes, and about 25 

 per cent, for the dairy. The latter are kept mostly to raise the calves, 

 which are in general sold when one year old to the interior of Ger- 

 many to Saxony, Frankfort, and the southeast part of Prussia, at very 

 good prices. The form of the animals is not so finely shaped as those 

 in the Weser marshes and Jeverland, although, in their appearances 

 they show the greatest resemblance to the Holland and Jeverland races. 

 The color of the cattle is about 80 per cent, black and white, and about 

 20 per cent. red. The first-named color is preferred, because its sale is 

 more certain ; the latter color is kept more for home use. A few months 

 ago the institution of the herd-book was introduced. It does not, how- 

 ever, find the same approbation as in the Weser marshes. The breed- 

 ers, however, try to improve their cattle by importing bulls from the 

 north of Holland, in which it appears they succeed very well. The 

 number of cattle raised in this part, that is to say, on the marshes, 

 amounted, horses, sheep, and pigs included, as follows: 



This enumeration shows clearly that the farmers did not keep pace 



with their neighbors in Holland and Oldenburg; that, on the contrary, 



they have lost ground in their competition with those breeders who 



summon their whole energy to improve their cattle in the manner 



H. Ex. 51 27 



