GERMANY. 445 



cows was 1,300 to 1,350 pounds, and of bulls, 2,200 to 2,300 pounds on 

 the hoof. The ten-months cattle of this breed are found to consume an 

 average of 19.15 pounds of hay, and gained during six months' daily ob- 

 servation 1.135 pounds in weight per day. Of summer fodder, i. c.,rcd 

 clover, lucern, and bran, the one-and-a-half-year-olds consumed 26.73 

 pounds (estimating 4J pounds of grass, clover, &c., to 1 of hay), and 

 gained daily 1.98 pounds in weight. The older cattle consumed exactly 

 3 pounds of stall-fodder to every 100 pounds of their own weight. To 

 keep the fully grown stock in good condition, however, only the equiva- 

 lent of 1J pounds of hay for every 100 pounds of their own weight should 

 be fed them. 



Animals from three months to one year old are fed daily 19 pounds 

 to an average weight of 475 pounds, i. e., about 4 pounds for every 100 

 pounds of weight. 



Cattle in their second year are fed daily 22 pounds to an average 

 weight of 700 pounds, i. e., about 3 pounds for every 100 pounds of 

 weight. 



Cows while with calf, and in their third year, are fed 28 pounds to an 

 average weight of 1,000 pounds, i. e., 2-^ pounds for every 100 pounds of 

 weight. 



There is reckoned to every 100 pounds of fodder an average increase 

 in weight as follows : Cattle of both sexes, 3 months to 1 year, 7.94 

 pounds; cows, 1 year to 2 years, 6.12 pounds; cows (in calf) in their 

 third year, 3.82 pounds. 



As the result of observations conducted for one year, it has been 

 found that the Simmenthaler cows average 7,294 pounds of milk and 

 one calf, averaging 96 pounds weight, per annum. In a year, subdi- 

 vided into 174 days of winter fodder, 134 days of summer fodder, and 57 

 days of autumn fodder (365 days in all), they average 17,193 pounds of 

 fodder, or 47J pounds daily ; or, on an average weight of 1,500 pounds 

 to the animal, 3.14 pounds of fodder to every 100 pounds of weight. 



On a basis of 100 pounds of fodder to every 6 pounds of calf praduced, 

 there may be reckoned also 45 pounds of milk for every 100 pounds of 

 fodder. The Simmenthaler milk produced at Hohenheim yields 12 to 15 

 per cent, of cream, and contains, according to chemical analysis, 11 to 

 13 per cent, of solid substance. 



Characteristics of Simmenthaler cattle. The distinguishing character- 

 istics of the Simmenthaler cattle are as follows : Small, light head, with 

 gentle, lively expression, and fine horns pointed well forward and up- 

 ward, and in most cases rather Hat at the roots, more oval than round 

 in form, and in the bulls often somewhat rough, and pointing back- 

 ward and downward. Keck fine, rather short, with a strong dew-lap ; 

 body well rounded at the ribs and locked at the loins. The hind quar- 

 ters are broad and long and frequently with prominent caudal bone. 

 The latter characteristic, though a natural one in the races of mountain 

 cattle, is much condemned by many in Germany, though it involves no 

 real ground for prejudice to the animal. The fundament is very low 

 and remarkably regular, the upper parts are strongly provided with 

 muscles, the parts under the knees are fine, and the "hoofs well made 

 and hard. The udders are well formed, though not giving the same 

 flow of milk found in the German cows. The hide is in some cases very 

 fine and tender, but in many others very coarse, with rough hair and 

 with a somewhat bullish look. In this respect a marked difference de- 

 clares itself between the Simmenthaler breed and the Frutiger breed, 

 and its explanation is found in the varied conditions of pasturage and 



