GERMANY. 469 



tion. - The eyes are lively ; the glance is clear, quiet, and attentive ; the 

 iris is of nice brown color. The nape is strong. The back is strong and 

 muscular, but has the disadvantage of being somewhat too low and deep; 

 the Badish veterinarians claim that this is caused by defective feeding 

 during the time after the ablactation, and by the fact that the crib is 

 placed too high for the young animals. The length of the back is : cows, 

 4 feet ; oxen, 4 feet 1 inch ; bulls, 4 feet 4 inches. The skin of the Baar 

 cattle is rough and thick ; it is a good tanning material on account of 

 its durability. 



The live weight of cows is from 1,000 to 2,000 pounds; oxen, which 

 are not fattened, weigh 1,200 to 1,400 pounds ; bulls reach a weight of 

 2,000 pounds. The sizes of the animals vary according to tdie section 

 of country where they were raised, and the food and attendance which 

 has been given to them. 



The best and largest animals of the Baar cattle are to be ipund in the 

 villages of Mundelfingen, Pfohren, Aasen, Suodthausen, Geisingen, and 

 Unadingen, which are the central points of the breed. Twenty years 

 ago they commenced introducing this breed into the Black Forest dis- 

 trict, and it has flourished in the limestone section of this range of hills, 

 but in the red sandstone district it has not done well, and few, if any, 

 of these cattle are now to be found in that section. 



The food and manner of feeding the calves is the same as with the 

 Messkirch cattle. In summer the grown-up cattle are fed on clover, 

 lucern, and esparcet grass. One-half of all the cattle are driven to the 

 pastures. In winter the food consistsof hay, straw, beets, lentils, &c. 

 Oxen that are worked get mostly chopped straw and beets. In summer 

 the animals are fed three times a day, in winter twice. 



The different kinds of fodder cultivated in the Baar district are, the 

 red clover, the white clover, and other grasses, such as Lolium perenne, 

 Italicum, Avena elatior, Dactylis glomerata. Lucern and esparcet are cul- 

 tivated on a large scale, as they furnish three crops a year. It is a gen- 

 eral custom in this district to grow fodder plants on a field during two 

 years, and to plant it with corn or barley the third year. 



STABLES. 



The stables are usually connected with the barns and dwelling houses. 

 The height of the stables is on an average 8 feet, the width 10 feet ; the 

 length depends upon the number of cattle. The floors are mostly of 

 wood ; underneath the floor there are pits or reservoirs to receive the 

 urine. Those stables I have seen were insufficiently ventilated and 

 lighted. Cribs and racks are made of wood. 



MILK PRODUCTION. 



The cows of the Baar cattle are very abundant in milk. The average 

 quantity produced by a middle-sized cow is 2,100 liters or 520 gallons 

 per year. A cow specially fed is able to produce 2,600 liters, or 600 

 gallons. Three gallons of milk furnish 1 pound of butter, and 1J gal- 

 lons produce 1 pound of cheese. 



FATTENING. 



The fattening has of late not made much progress, because cheap 

 food, such as the distilleries and sugar factories can furnish, was scarce, 

 and the existing breweries could not produce all the material required. 



