GERMANY. 477 



district of Southwest Palatinate, and on a small strip on the east lino of the Haardt 

 Mountains. 



Sandstone : Sandstone formations exist in the substratum of the following sections 

 of the country : (1) Marly sandstones alternate in the south Bavarian plateau of the 

 districts of Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria, and Swabia. (2) In the Keuper Mount- 

 ains of Middle, Lower, and Upper Frauconia ; also in parts of the Palatinate. (3) 

 Clay slate alternates in the northwest parts of the Fichtel Mountains and in the 

 Franeonia forests. (4) In the Spesshardt and adjoining sections of Lower Franconia. 

 (5) Mixed with basalt, in the Rhone Mountains of Lower Francouia. (6) In the 

 Haardt Mountains of the Palatinate. (7) In the coal districts of the western Pala- 

 tinate. 



Granite : Granite and mountain rock (gneiss unicalate) compose the substratum 

 in the following districts: (1) In the Bavarian and Neuburger forests and Lower 

 Bavaria. (2) In the forests of Upper Palatinate, along the line of Bohemia. (3) In 

 the middle of the Fichtel Mountains, and in the Muuchberg gneiss circle, district of 

 Upper Franconia. (4) In the Lower Spesshardt, near Lower Franconia and Aschaf- 

 fenburg. 



Clay : Clay-stone (clay-slate, coal-slate, potter-slate) is found : (1) In the northern 

 part of Upper Palatinate (environ of Waldsassen). (*2) In the clay-slate district of 

 the Fichtel Mountains and Franconia forests (Upper Franconia). (3) Mixed with 

 sandstone in the Keuper districts of Upper, Middle, and Lower Franconia, here and 

 there in the Upper Palatinate. (4) In the coal mountains of the western Pala- 

 tinate. (5) In the northern part of the Bavarian plateau, particularly near Straub- 

 iug, Pfaflenhofen, in the main district of Lower Franconia, and in the plain of the 

 Rhine Valley. 



Gravel : Gravel in a conglomerated form is found in the territories mentioned as of 

 alluvial soil, principally at the base of the Alps extending through the districts of 

 Upper and Lower Bavaria and Swabia. 



CULTIVATED GRASSES. 



Timothy: Timothy (Phlcum pratense) is cultivated in preference, bat not often, in 

 those districts where there are no meadows, mixed with clover and other grasses for 

 the development of new meadows. According to the cultural statistics of the year 

 1878 in Bavaria 10.1 per cent, of the total average is cultivated as grazing land for 

 cattle. 



Clover: Red clover (Trifolium pratense) is cultivated most, and monopolizes the 

 largest acreage of land. It is used green or as dried clover hay. For green fodder in 

 Franconia, the Steyerrnarkcr green clover is preferred. Red clover prospers in nearly 

 all kinds of soil where the vegetation of this specialty, because of too frequent culti- 

 vation, has become uncertain ; there the Swedish clover (Trifolium Jiylridum) is cul- 

 tivated with success. White clover is chiefly cultivated for specially-made sheep 

 pastures. Lucern clover (Medicogo cativa) is most in favor on the Jura plateau. 

 Esparsette clover (Onobrichicsatiua"), Turkish clover, is cultivated chiefly in the shell- 

 lime districts. French clover (Trifolium inearnatum) is uncertain; it prospers the 

 best in the wine regions and is mostly cultivated as a substitute in case of failure of 

 seed clover. 



Eye grass, $c. : Italian rye grass mixed with red clover instead of clover is culti- 

 vated seldom as hill-side seed ; also mixed with other kinds of grass and clover for 

 cultivating new lands. The English rye is but seldom cultivated. The French rye 

 (Avcna elatior) is used as a top grass for cultivating fodder grass mixed with different 

 kinds of clover. 



HOUSING, FEEDING, AND BREEDING CATTLE IN BAVARIA. 



Methods of housing : The stables are, with few exceptions, good ones, and solidly 

 built. The recently built ones are mostly with iron arches, stone pavement, and 

 open drains. In the mountain regions the stables are still of wood, low, and badly 

 ventilated. 



Feeding : In the mountains a greater part of the cattle feed in the Alpine pastures 

 between May and October. On the plains they are generally fed in the stables and 

 only put out to fall pasture after the meadows are mowed. 



The pasture in the Alps, where no overcrowding takes place, where pastures are 

 manured and changed, is excellent, particularly in Allgau. In the mountains of 

 Upper Bavaria the Alpine economy is still not as good as it should be. 



In general the feeding of cattle has become better in consequence of more extended 

 fodder cultivation. The vegetable cultivation has increased considerably and the use 

 of vegetable waste and stroiit: fodder is important. 



