690 CATTLE - 



machine skimmed one-third more than the Laval. When the supply of milk was the 

 same and the consumption of power also the same, the Laval left 64 to 65 per cent, more 

 lat in the skimmed milk. Under these circumstances the Danish machine took the other 

 gold medal. 



Now we may refer to the Lefeldt, which is the'oldest machine now in use, and which, 

 like the above machines, has been recently improved. In appearance this machine is 

 not unlike the Laval, but is more expensive. It was first produced by Willy Lefeldt, a 

 civil engineer of Schoningen, Brunswick, who at the polytechnic school at Carlsruhe, 

 had, it may be supposed, seen something of the invention of Professor Fuchs in that 

 town; and in 1874 he produced the first machine which was shown at the exhibition at 

 Bremen. The Lefeldt revolves at the rate of 2,400 upon a vertical shaffc driven by bands 

 attached to two disks, the one on a level with the machine and the other above it. The 

 cream is taken on a principle similar to the De Laval, but the machine is much more 

 elaborate. It is made in three principal sizes, thus: the one for separating, 400 litre 

 (88 gallons or about 900 pounds); the price is 500 marks, or with the fixtures, 32; for 

 1,000 litre it is 75, and 2,000 litres 125, without fixtures. The inside diameter of 

 the drum is 24 inches; thus the velocity required to separate the cream from the milk 

 is 15,072 feet per minute, or a trifle more than the Laval. There is no doubt whatever 

 of the value of this machine, for we have seen it working in Switzerland at the great 

 Anglo-Swiss works, where it is much appreciated, as well as in Germany, and the only 

 fault found with it is that it has now and then to be stopped. 



The machine " System Henreich Petersen," of Hamburg, while working under centri- 

 fugal force, is quite unlike those above mentioned. Instead of horizontal drums and a 

 vertical shaft it has vertical drums and a horizontal shaft, the drums being also very dif- 

 ferent in form; the diameter is large and the depth very little. Instead, too, of the cir- 

 cumference being flat it forms an acute angle. The shaft is fixed to an iron foundation, 

 the drums being on each side, and when there are two used they resemble a couple of 

 carriage wheels upon an axle. The shaft is driven from above, and the milk, which ia 

 poured into the drum from the front, is skimmed from the same position, and the by- 

 standers can see the whole working. If, for instance, the finger is introduced and touches 

 the surface of the milk as it revolves, it will almost be cut with the force of contact, but here 

 a large cutting tube is introduced and takes off the cream similarly to the other systems, 

 the skim-milk being forced into the outer chamber of the drum and also skimmed. This 

 machine is now improved, and can be regulated to take any quantity of cream by screw- 

 ing the cutter deeper into the cream, as is found necessary. The drums are made in 

 various sizes, but are decidedly dear the small-drum machine, holding 100 pounds milk 

 per drum, skimming 600 pounds an hour, costs 75; if two drums are purchased then 

 the cost is 126 5s. A 200-pound drum machine, to skim 800 pounds an hour, costs 

 95, or for two drums, skimming 1,000 pounds, 160. These machines do an immense 

 amount of work, have great advantages on account of the power used and the possible 

 addition of drums, but are too dear. 



The "Nakskov," which has never been seen in England, is a Danish machine, made 

 by Tuxent Hammerich, of Nakskov, and resembles the Danish or Burmeister in a great 

 measure. We saw it at work at the exhibitions in Denmark and Germany, and we must 

 say it did its work well, although it is a palpable copy, but without an analysis of the 

 skimmed milk we should not like to say that it took all the cream. It has no regulator 

 or machine to count the revolutions, and works on a shaft from above, which is fixed to 

 a powerful bent iron arm which comes from the foundation and over the back of the 

 drum, which is 22 inches in diameter, with a smaller opening than the Danish (9 inches). 

 It is driven from a horizontal wheel or disk, and it is claimed to separate 350 to 400 pounds 

 of milk per hour, the cost being 27 10s. 



Another machine, called the " Aarhus," made by Jansen, of that town, is priced 38, 

 and is also similar in appearance in all respects, although the working is a little differ- 

 ent. The milk enters the machine through a tube fixed in the top of the upright shaft, 

 and a little below this becomes two arms, each of which distributes the milk into the 

 periphery. Here, too, is an arrangement for the escape of the milk at the bottom, the 

 cream being taken at the top. The drum of this machine is similar to a plain round 

 vat. At the top is a wire gauze strainer, from the tube on the top of the shaft is filled. 

 The annexed drawing will show the system of the distribution of milk. The top outside 

 pipe is for the escape of the cream and the bottom for the escape of the skim-milk. 



Another machine is manufactured by O. C. Petersen & Co., of Copenhagen, but this 

 did not compete in the trial, having arrived too late. The makers informed us that its 

 price was to be 300 kroner, or about 16 10s, but although there appears to be some 

 merit in it and a considerable amount of merit in the price, it is hardly perfected; yet 

 the makers are in the hope of quickly placing it upon the market. 



Again, another separator was entered by O. Petersen & Co., of Roskilde, but this not 

 being perfected was not sent, although it also has some merit, but its price is consider- 



