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the orangs and gibbons they are nine in number, as in the tailed 

 monkeys. 



The scapulae are broader in the gorilla than in the chimpanzee, 

 orang, or long-armed apes ; they come nearer to the proportions of 

 that bone in man. But a more decisive resemblance to the human 

 structure is presented by the iliac bones. In no other ape than the 

 gorilla do they bend forward, so as to produce a pelvic concavity; 

 nor are they so broad in proportion to their length in any ape as 

 in the gorilla. In both the chimpanzee and orang the iliac bones 

 are flat, or present a concavity rather at the back than at the 

 forepart. In the siamang they are not only flat, but are narrower 

 and longer, resembling the iliac bones of tailed monkeys and 

 ordinary quadrupeds. 



The lower limbs, though characteristically short in the gorilla, 

 are longer in proportion to the upper limbs, and also to the entire 

 trunk, than in the chimpanzee; they are much longer in both 

 proportions and more robust than in the orangs or gibbons. But 

 the guiding points of comparisons here are the heel and the hallux 

 (great toe or thumb of the foot). 



The heel in the gorilla makes a more decided backward projection 

 than in the chimpanzee ; the heel-bone is relatively thicker, deeper, 

 more expanded vertically at its hind end, besides being fully as long 

 as in the chimpanzee : it is in the gorilla shaped and proportioned 

 more like the human calcaneum than in any other ape. Among 

 all the tailless apes the calcaneum in the siamang and other gibbons 

 least resembles in its shape or proportional size that of man. 



Although the foot be articulated to the leg with a slight inversion 

 of the sole it is more nearly plantigrade in the gorilla than in the 

 chimpanzee. The orang departs far, and the gibbons farther, from 

 the human type in the inverted position of the foot. 



The great toe which forms the fulcrum in standing or walking 

 is perhaps the most characteristic peculiarity in the human structure; 

 it is that modification which differentiates the foot from the hand, 

 and gives the character to his order (Bimana). In the degree of 

 its approach to this development of the hallux the quadrumanous 

 animal makes a true step in affinity to man. 



The orang-utan arid the siamang, tried by this test, descend far 

 and abruptly below the chimpanzee and gorilla in the scale. In the 

 orang the hallux does not reach to the end of the metacarpal of the 

 second toe ; in the chimpanzee and gorilla it reaches to the end of 

 the first phalanx of the second toe ; but in the gorilla the hallux 



