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successive conquerors of Syria for ages, a low race of people, and 

 described by trustworthy travellers as being as black as any of the 

 Ethiopian races. Others of the Jewish people, participating in 

 European civilization, and dwelling in the northern nations, shew 

 instances of the light complexion, the blue eyes, and light hair of 

 the Scandinavian families. The condition of the Hebrews, since 

 their dispersion, has not been such as to admit of much admixture 

 by the proselytism of household slaves. We are thus led to account 

 for the differences in colour, by the influence of climate, without 

 having to refer them to original or specific distinctions. 



As to the difference in size in mankind, it is slight in com- 

 parison with what we observe in the races of the domestic dog, 

 where the extremes of size are much greater than can be found 

 in any races of the human species. 



With reference to the modifications of the bony structure, as 

 characteristic of the races of mankind, they are almost confined 

 to the pelvis and the cranium. In the pelvis the difference is a 

 slight, yet apparently a constant one. The pelvis of the adult 

 negro may sometimes be distinguished from that of the European 

 by the greater proportional length and less proportional breadth of 

 the iliac bones ; but how trifling is this difference compared with 

 that marked distinction in the pelvis which the gorilla and orang- 

 outang present ! 



With regard to the cranial differences, I have selected for com- 

 parison three extreme specimens of skulls characteristic of race : one 

 of an aboriginal of Van Diemen's Land (the lowest of the Melanian 

 or dark-coloured family), a well-marked Mongolian, and a well- 

 formed European skull. The differences are chiefly these. In 

 the low, uneducated, uncivilised races, the brain is rather smaller 

 than in the higher, more civilised, and more educated races; 

 consequently the cranium rises and expands in a less degree. 

 Concomitant with this contraction of the brain-case is a greater 

 projection of the fore part of the face ; whether it may be from a 

 longer exercise of the practice of suckling, or a more habitual ap- 

 plication of the teeth in the premaxillary part of the jaw, and in 

 the corresponding part of the lower jaw, in biting and gnawing 

 tough, raw, uncooked substances, the anterior alveolar part of the 

 jaws does project more in those lower races; but still to an insigni- 

 ficant degree compared with the prominence of that part of the 

 skull in the large apes. And while alluding to them, I may again 

 advert to the distinction between them and the lowest of the 



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