PROPAGATION BY GRAFTING 217 



in autumn or during mild weather in winter or early 

 spring, and are commonly stored, until needed for use, 

 in a cool cellar packed in moist sawdust, moss or leaves. 

 In climates of severe winters, they should always be cut 

 in autumn. Cions should not be kept so moist as to cause 

 swelling of the buds or the formation of a callus (72), 

 nor so dry as to cause shriveling. 



In cion grafting the proximal end of the cion(115) 

 is joined to the distal end of the stock, if the stock is a 

 stem, or to the proximal end, if it is a root, in such a way 

 that the cambium layers of the two coincide in at least 

 one place. Cion grafting in the open air is usually most 

 successful when performed just before or during the 

 resumption of active growth in spring, and the cion is 

 thought to unite more readily if in a slightly more dor- 

 mant condition than the stock, possibly owing to its more 

 ready absorption of water when in this state. 



The joints made in cion grafting are generally coated 

 with a thin layer of grafting-wax (387) or bound in 

 grafting-paper, cloth or cord (308, 309), to prevent 

 evaporation and to keep out water. Sometimes the whole 

 exposed part of the cion is waxed. Figs. 107-121 show 

 forms and methods of grafting. 



387. Grafting wax. To make grafting-wax for cleft- 

 grafting (392), melt together four parts, by weight, of 

 unbleached rosin, two parts of beeswax and one part of 

 beef tallow ; pour into water, and when sufficiently cool, 

 work with the hands until the mass assumes a buff color ; 

 make into rolls and wrap with paraffined (waxed) paper 

 to prevent the rolls from sticking together. Several 

 other formulae are in use. The hands should be greased 

 before touching the wax to prevent sticking. 



For whip-grafting (390), when waxed cord, cloth or 



