86 THE MORPHOLOGY 



and from the middle to near the upper end progressively 

 more simple again (c I c m). These forms are collec- 

 tively included under the name of " leaves" and they alone 

 are known under this name in common life. The suc- 

 ceeding foliaceous organs (c iv c vu), together with their 

 intermediate portions of stem, are comprehended in the 

 somewhat indefinite word "flower" or "blossom" but 

 four degrees of development may be distinguished in them. 

 The first, second and fourth (c iv, c v, c vn), differ only 

 from the true leaves in the delicacy of their texture, and 

 the second more especially by their colour; they are 

 called " calyx" "corolla" and "carpels" or "fruit- 

 leaves" The last derived their name of fruit-leaves from 

 the circumstance, that in their subsequent most remarkable 

 changes, they mostly form the essential portion of what 

 is commonly called the fruit. The third state of develop- 

 ment has totally different peculiarities, the leaf undergoes 

 such important structural metamorphoses, that it can 

 scarcely be recognised. The chief points consist in this, 

 it becomes slender and thick, while several (frequently four) 

 long cavities, lying side by side, are excavated in its inte- 

 rior; these become filled with a quantity of perfectly 

 isolated, dust-like cells, which by the regular opening 

 of the cavities are expelled and scattered around. These 

 leaves are called " stamens" or, down to the point where the 

 cavities terminate, " anthers" and the isolated cells "pollen." 

 If from this ideal plant the more compound leaves 

 (c I and c n) are omitted, and we imagine the pairs 

 of its leaf organs increased to fives, these to be grown 

 together in four circles, and again, instead of the one 

 seed-bud, a number of them united into a kind of knob 

 at the upper extremity of the stem, we shall thus obtain 

 a plant of the above-mentioned Anagallis. 



