HARDY PERENNIAL PLANTS. 187 



growth than one would imagine; and in the absence of sun the condi- 

 tions are much more favorable than outdoors. If there are no means of 

 side ventilation provided, panes of glass above the footpaths should be re- 

 moved to let in all the air possible. The doors should also be kept open. 



Insects The number of kinds which are troublesome are small, but 

 their representatives are numerous enough. There are several species of 

 Aphis, which attack the young shoots; these pests must be combated 

 with tobacco in any of its forms. Grasshoppers are also troublesome, 

 and they must be attended to iudividwally. Caterpillars are best pre- 

 vented from appearing by catching the perfect insects in the shape of 

 moths and butterflies as they appear in the house. When the eggs hatch 

 hand picking is the only efficacious means of ridding the plants of the 

 caterpillars. 



Types or Races The varieties common in gardens are divided into nu- 

 merous types. The principal ones are as follows: Anemone Type; this 

 has the flowers single (all Chrysanthemums have single flowers, but the 

 so-called single flowers have the outer florets as they grow in a natural 

 state; that is, having long strap-shaped or tubular florets, usually called 

 ray florets; the inner ones are shorter, more or less bell-shaped, yellow 

 in color, and are known as disc florets), with the disc florets raised in 

 the center. They are regarded more as ornamental garden plants. The 

 Pompon Type is not grown to the same extent in America as in Europe, 

 where they are principally used out-of-doors for early flowering. The 

 Chinese Incurved Type is much grown as a flowering plant indoors. 

 The florets curl gradually toward the center of the flower, forming a 

 globular head. The Japanese Incurved Type is less incurved than the 

 preceding, but few authorities agree as to where the line should be 

 drawn. The Reflexed Type, as commonly understood, has the florets 

 pointing away from the center of the flower head, or, as the word would 

 indicate, curled in the opposite direction to those of the incurved varie- 

 ties. The Japanese Types include the tubular and quilled varieties, but 

 the boundaries of this type are also continually shifting. 



Varieties It would be useless to recommend a list for any particular 

 locality. Soils differ to such an extent that those which thrive in one 

 place may not turn out the same in another. Again, much depends on 

 the customers as to predilection in color, etc. Careful observation will 

 quickly suggest the best kinds to grow. Cultivators are usually loath 

 to discard a good sort, even though it is an old one. Some of the kinds 

 prized in England to-day originated many years ago ; and in this coun- 

 try many growers could not fill the places occupied by some of the kinds 

 they grew, which were raised ten years ago. 



Raising New Varieties There is nothing to hinder anyone from raising 

 new varieties. The operation is of the simplest, and may be accomplished 

 as successfully by the beginner as by those who have been engaged at it 

 for years. Seedling raising is simply chance work Togo about it accord- 

 ing to the usual method take two good flowers of the same color, which 

 for some reason are desirable to blend, shorten the ray florets so as to 

 have the stigmas readily accessible. Transfer the pollen from the anthers 



