GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 291 



and slightly into the wood. A short distance above this cross cut begin 

 with a slanting cut downward until the first cut is reached ; shape the 

 cion so that it fits exactly; tie in position and cover with wax. The 

 stock is headed back after the union has taken place. 



Tongue or whip grafting is used with seedlings as stocks, the stock 

 and cion being of the same thickness. A slanting cut is made on the 

 two surfaces to be joined with a tongue in each, so made that the 

 tongues will fit exactly in their places. A little practice will show where 

 the tongues should be made. 



Inarching consists of uniting the cion to the stock while it is still 

 supported by the parent root. It is the simplest of all the methods. A 

 slice of bark and cambium is cut from both stock and cion, the two 

 brought together so as to fit exactly; they are then firmly tied. After 

 the union is assured the cion is gradually severed from the parent to 

 avoid a too sudden check. 



Root grafting is a very simple operation, and is practiced with such 

 plants as Clematis, Rose, Shrubby Pseony, and many other plants. 

 When all other stock fails this may be tried, merely selecting roots of the 

 same or allied species. The Shrubby Pseonies are grafted on the large 

 tuber-looking roots of the herbaceous species. A notch is made in the 

 side of the swollen tuber-like root, the lower part of the cion being made 

 to fit this. 



With Roses and Clematis splice grafting will answer; with Wistarias 

 and Bignonias saddle grafting answers well. 



In grafting a very sharp and clean knife should be used, to make a 

 clean cut, so that the surfaces may go closely together. In all cases the 

 bark of both stock and cion should come evenly together, at least on 

 one side, and on both If possible. In no case should the cion be thick- 

 er than the stock. 



Budding differs from grafting in that only a single bud is u^ed on the 

 stock in-tead of a piece of branch on which there are one or more buds, 

 as in grafting. A near relationship must exist between the plant from 

 which the bud is selected and the plant which is to receive it. The opera- 

 tion is a trifle more delicate than that of grafting, but a little practice 

 will render It an easy task. The best time for the work is after the 

 plants have completed most of their growth, but before they approach 

 the dormant stage. All that is necessary to accomplish the first season, 

 when done during late Summer, is to secure a union. The bud remains 

 dormant until the following Spring. There are several methods; that 

 most commonly practiced consists of making a cross cut through the 

 bark of the stem of the stock. It should never be greater than for one- 

 third of the circumference. From the center of the cross cut make a longi- 

 tudinal cut downward; raise the bark sufficiently in the angles of the 

 cut parts; this is best accomplished with a finely prepared quill. The 

 stock is now ready for the reception of the bud ; this is taken us- 

 ua'ly from a branch smaller in circumference than the stock. It 

 must necessarily be from the current year's wood, and the bud should 

 be from the central part of the shoot. Cut the leaf away, but not too 

 near the bud, and with a sharp, clean knife slice the bud from the shoot. 

 It is immaterial if a little of the wood be taken with the bark, but the 



