$8 BIGGIE ORCHARD BOOK 



the fifth application. (Note: Often, only the first, third 

 and fourth sprayings are necessary. If strong lime- 

 sulphur spray is used in February or March for San 

 Jose, the first application of Bordeaux may be omitted. 

 If desired, the later Bordeaux sprays may be replaced 

 by the mild or self-boiled lime-sulphur mixtures.) 



APPI.E BY-PRODUCTS. The poorer grades of apples 

 can often be advantageously utilized in the making of 

 jelly, marmalade, dried apples, and vinegar. With a 

 hand press about two gallons of cider can be extracted 

 from a bushel of average apples ; with a power press 

 it is possible to extract almost twice as much. Barrels 

 for cider vinegar should be thoroughly cleaned and 

 scalded out. Fermentation is usually completed in 

 from three to six weeks, at which time add a small 

 quantity of mother of vinegar to hasten the vinegar 

 process. Admit air freely to the barrels, keep them 

 in the warmest part of the cellar, and in less than a 

 year you should have a supply of excellent vinegar. 



REINVIGORATING AN OI^D, NEGLECTED OR- 

 CHARD. Circumstances may alter cases, but in a 

 general way I suggest the following plan : First, prune 

 as directed for neglected trees (Chapter V) ; then com- 

 mence the " combination spraying system " recom- 

 mended in this chapter ; look out for borers, sun- 

 scald, scale lice, etc. ; scrape loose bark off from 

 trunk and main limbs, and apply whitewash thereto (if 

 the lime-sulphur spray is used, whitewash will not be 

 needed) ; plug up or paint all old wounds, first sawing 

 off all old stubs (grafting wax makes a good plug for 

 cavities) ; plow the orchard in spring as shallow as 

 possible ; never mind if you do cut a few roots ; apply 



