CONTENTS. 13 



PAGE 



I. Accessory Articles of Diet— Variations of Body-metabolism under Dif- 

 ferent Conditions — Potential Energy of Food — Dietetics 357 



Accessory articles of diet, 357 — Stimulants, 357 — Condiments, flavors, and meat 

 extracts, 359 — Conditions influencing body-metabolism, 359 — The effect of muscular 

 work on metabolism, 359 — Metabolism during sleep, 361— The effect of variations in 

 temperature on body-metabolism, 362 — The effect of starvation on body-metabolism, 

 362 — The potential energy of food, 364 — The principles of dietetics, 366. 



MOVEMENTS OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL, BLADDER, AND 



URETER (By W. H. Howell) 369 



The physiology of plain muscle tissue, 369 — Mastication, 372 — Deglutition, 372— 

 The Kronecker-Meltzer theory of deglutition, 375 — The nervous control of degluti- 

 tion, 376 — Movements of the stomach, 377 — The extrinsic nerves controlling the move- 

 ments of the stomach, 381 — Movements of the intestines, 3S2 — The peristaltic move- 

 ments, 382 — Mechanism of the peristaltic movement, 384 — Pendular movements of the 

 intestines, 3*4— Extrinsic nerves of the intestines, 384 — Effect of various conditions 

 on the intestinal movements, 385 — The mechanism of defecation, 386 -The act of 

 vomiting, 387 — The nervous mechanism of vomiting, 388 — Micturition, 389 — Move- 

 ments of the ureters, 389 — Movements of the bladder, 390 — Nervous control of the 

 bladder movements, 392. 



RESPIRATION (By Edward T. Reichert) 395 



General statements, internal and external respiration, 395. 



A. The Respiratory Mechanism in Man 395 



Physiological anatomy of the lungs and thorax, 395 — Conditions of pressure within 



the thorax, 396 — Definition of respiration, inspiration, and expiration, 398— Movements 

 of the diaphragm, 398 — Movements of other muscles assisting the diaphragm, 399— 

 Movements of the ribs, 400 — The function of the intercostal muscles, 402 — Summary of 

 the action of the inspiratory muscles, 405 — Movements of expiration, 406 — Summary 

 of the action of the expiratory muscles, 407 — Associated respiratory movements, 408 

 — Intrapulmonary and intrathoracic pressure, 408 — Respiratory sounds and nasal 

 breathing, 409. 



B. The Gases in the Lungs, Blood, and Tissues 409 



Alterations in the gases in the lungs, 409 — Alterations in the gases in the blood. 411 — 



The forces concerned in the diffusion of O and CO2 in the lungs, 412 — The interchange 

 of O and CO2 between the alveoli and the blood, 414 — The tension of in the blood 

 and tissues, 415 — The tension of CO2 in the blood and tissues, 416 — The tension of N, 

 417 — The forces producing the interchange of O and CO2 in the lungs, 417 — The 

 forces producing the interchange of O and CO2 in the tissues, 419 — The extraction of 

 gases from the blood, 420 — Cutaneous respiration, 422 — Internal or tissue respira- 

 tion, 422. 



C. The Rhythm, Frequency, and Depth of the Respiratory Movements . . 423 

 The rhythm of the respiratory movements, 423 — The frequency and depth of the 



respiratory movements, 425. 



D. The Volumes of Air, Oxygen, and Carbon Dioxide Respired 426 



Normal volumes of air respired and capacity of lungs and bronchi. 126 The volumes 



of O and CO2 respired, 428— Conditions influencing the volumes of () and COa respired, 

 429— The respiratory quotient, 436— Conditions influencing the respiratory quotient, 

 437. 



E. Principles of Ventilation 439 



F. The Effects of the Respiration of Various Gases tin 



G. The Effects of the Gaseous Composition of the Blo< \ the Respi- 



ratory Movements I pi 



Eupncea, dyspnoea, apncea, and polypncsa, 440 The causes of apnoea, 441- The effect 



of muscular activity on the respiratory movements. 442- The conditions producing 

 polypnosa, 443— The conditions producing dyspnoea, 443 -Asphyxia. 145. 



H. Artificial Respiration na 



I. The Effects of the Respiratory Movements on the Circulation .... 117 

 The effects of respiration on blood-pressure, 117 The effects of respiration on blood- 

 flow, 450— The effects of respiration on the pulse, 151 The effects of obstruction of 

 the air-passages and of the respiration of rarefied and compressed aii on the circula- 

 tion, 45l. 



J. Special Respiratory Movements i;, I 



The movements in coughing, hawking, sneezing, laughing, crying, sobbing, sighing, 

 etc., 454. 



K. The NERVOUS Mechanism of the RESPIRATORY Movements 455 



The respiratory centres, 155 The rhythmic activity of the respiratory centre, 158— 

 The afferent respiratory nerves, 160 Effects of section and stimulation oftbepneumo- 



