12 CONTENTS. 



PAGE 



tractares and continuous contractions, 127— Contracture following frequent excita- 

 tions, L28 Contracture following single excitations. 129— The effect of fatigue ou 

 contracture, 130 Effect of tlie constanl current on the form of contraction, 131 

 — The effect of death processes on the form of contraction, 132 — Normal physiological 

 contractions, 132 Muscle sounds, tremors, etc., 132— Comparison of effects of normal 

 and artificial stimulation, 134 — Fatigue of voluntary muscle contractions, 134 — 

 Effect of temperature on muscular contractions, 136 -Effecl of drugs and chemicals 

 upon muscular contractions, 137 — Liberation of energy by the contracting muscle, 

 13b — Conditions cou trolling the amount of work done by a muscle, L39 — The thermal 

 energy given oil' by a contracting muscle, 1 11 -Muscle-tonus and chemical tonus, 143. 



E. Ele< rBiCAX Phenomena in Muscle and Nerve 144 



Liberation of electrical energy during functional activity, 144 — Description of the 



galvanometer and capillary electrometer. 145— The current of rest, 117- Theories as 

 to the cause of the current of rest, 1 1> -The current of rest in nerves, 149 Currents 

 of action in muscle, 150- Secondary tetanus, loll- -The diphasic act ion currents, 152 — 

 Relation of the action current to the muscle contraction, 153 — Currents of action in 

 nerves, 153- Gelation of the electrical phenomena of nerves to the physiological pro- 

 cesses, L57. 



F. Chemistry of Muscle and Nerve 159 



The condition of rigor mortis. 159 Conditions influencing the development of 



rigor mortis, 160 The cause and nature of the contraction of rigor mortis, 161— The 

 chemical changes occurring in rigor mortis, 162 — Rigor caloris, 164 — The constituents 

 of muscle serum, muscle proteids, 166— Nitrogenous extraction of muscle, 166 — The 

 non-nitrogenous constituents of muscle, 167— The gases of muscle, 168 — The cheni- 

 ist rv of nerves, 169. 



CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (By Henry H. Donaldson) 171 



Introduction 171 



The unity of the, central nervous system. 171 — Phenomena in vol ving consciousness, 

 172 — Growth and organization, 172 — Plan of presentation of the subject, 172. 



Part I.— Physiology of the Xkrve-cell 173 



A. Anatomical Characteristics of the Nerve-celi 173 



Form of nerve-cells, 173 — Peculiarities in structure of nerve-cells, 174 — The volume 



relations of nerve-cells. 17." — Size of nerve-cells iu different animals, 175 — Relation 

 between size and function, 175 — The growth of nerve-cells, 176— Maturing of nerve- 

 cells. 177 — Classification of cells by means of the form of the ax one, 177 — Growth of 

 the branches of the nerve-cell, 179 — Internal structure of the neurones, 179 — Medulla- 

 tion of nerve-fihres, 179— Growth of the medullary sheath in peripheral nerves, 180 — 

 Medullation in the central system, 181 — Changes m the cytoplasm, 182 — Old age of 

 the nerve-cells, 182. 



B. The Nebve Impulse Within a Single Neurone 183 



The nerve-impulse, 183 Direction of the nerve-impulse, 184 — Double pathways for 



the nerve-impulse. 185 Significance of cell branches, 186 — The generation of nerve- 

 impulses, 1S7 — The rate of discharge of nerve-impulses, 189 — Points at which the 

 nerve-impulse can be aroused, L89— Irritability and conductivity, 189 — Summation of 

 stimuli in nerve-cells. 190. 



C. Tin; Nutrition of the Nerve-cell 191 



Chemical changes in the nerve-cell. 191- Fatigue of the nerve-cell, 191 — Atrophic 



influences affecting the nerve-cell, 195— Effects of amputations in man on the nerve- 

 cells, 196 Degeneration of nerve elements, 197 — The nutritive control of the neurone, 

 198 1 >egenera1 ion of the cell-body, 199 -Regeneration of the axone, 199. 



Part II. — The Physiology of Groi ps of Nerve-cells 202 



a. Architects re \ni> Organization of the Central Nervoub System . . . 202 

 General arrangement of the central nervous system. 202— Arrangement of the cells 

 forming the several groups, 205 Segmentation of the central nervous system, 205 — 

 Relative development of different parts, 206 — The connections between cells, 206 — 

 Theories of t he passage of the nerve- impulses, 207. 



B. REFLEX Actions 207 



The condition-; of stimulation controlling reflex actions, 297 — The diffusion of cen- 

 tral impulses, 208— Simple reflex actions, 208 Influence of location of stimulus on 

 reflexes, 209 Segmental reflex actions, 210- The influence of the strength of stimulus 



on reflex actions, 210 Continuance of the reflex response. 211 The latent period of 



reflexes, 211 The summation of stimuli in reflexes, 211- Reflex reactions from frac- 

 tions of the cord, 212 Re Ilex reactions in other vertebrates, 212 Co-ordination of the. 

 liferent impulses iu reflex actions. 211 — Purposeful character of reflex responses, 215 

 Reflexes in man, 216 Periodic reflexes, 216— Variations in diffusibility in reflexes, 

 217 — Influence of strychnine on reflexes, 217 -Peripheral diffusion of reflex impulses, 

 218 — Reflexes in the sympathetic system, 218 Manner of diffusion of impulses in 



