IN HIGHER PEOPLES 109 



which were made from time to time, largely by ac- 

 cident. The natural selection of the best of these 

 implements has led to the various appliances, 

 without any distinct invention of them. 



15. Moral Ideas of Savages. 



The earliest human virtues to develop were 

 those which were useful in the preservation of the 

 individual and the tribe — such as courage, loy- 

 alty, >. idurance, the social feeling j and the desire 

 for praise and the dread of blame. 



No man could be useful or faithful to his tribe 

 in a world filled with enemies without courage. 

 Hence this trait of cnaracter has been universally 

 extolled among primitive men. Among higher 

 men, there are fewer dangers, and hence fewer oc- 

 casions for the exercise of physical courage. The 

 emphasis of approval has been shifted consider- 

 ably from physical courage to moral courage. 

 The ultimate heroes of this world will not be 

 tribal or national heroes, but the heroes of human- 

 ity. 



Men have stood by each other in the fierce times 

 gone by because it was the only way they could 

 stand. The individual was nothing in the strug- 

 gle for life. No man could stand alone. The in- 

 dividual could survive only by uniting his 

 strength with that of others. Reason would early 

 teach a man that if he wanted the help of his fel- 

 low-men he would have to help them in return, 

 and that he could expect others to be true to him 



